A novel approach to functionalise pristine unsized carbon fibre using in situ generated diazonium species to enhance interfacial shear strength

Servinis, Linden; Henderson, Luke C.; Andrighetto, Luke M.; Huson, Mickey G.; Gengenbach, Thomas R.; Fox, Bronwyn

doi:10.1039/c4ta04798b

Cited by 54 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…[9] Thisa rea of research has experienced ab oost in the last decades, giving rise to aw ide range of surface-modification strategies. [4,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In the course of these studies, main concepts about molecular designt o tailor the interfacial adhesionb etween the fiber and the matrix have also been revealed, [11,15,22,23] and these concepts were recently supported by molecular dynamics calculations. [24] As it turns out,m echanical interlocking,i nterfacial cross-links, and Given our possible future dependence on carbonf iber reinforced composites, the introduction of ar enewable matrix might be advantageous for the vision of as ustainable world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interphase Engineering of a Cellulose‐Based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite by Applying Click Chemistry

et al. 2018

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Given our possible future dependence on carbon fiber reinforced composites, the introduction of a renewable matrix might be advantageous for the vision of a sustainable world. Cellulose is a superior green candidate and provides exceptional freedom in composite design as the free OH groups can be conveniently functionalized to give tailor‐made materials. To obtain a high‐performing carbon fiber reinforced cellulose propionate composite, we accurately tailored the interfacial adhesion by invoking click chemistry. The synthetic strategy involved grafting of a phenylacetylene structure onto the carbon fiber surface, onto which O‐acylated 6‐azido‐6‐deoxycellulose and a number of aromatic azides could be covalently attached. Single‐fiber fragmentation tests indicated that the lipophilicity and size of the substituent on the deposited structure played a crucial role in determining molecular entanglement and mechanical interlocking effects, as penetration into the cellulose propionate matrix was of utmost importance. Enhanced interfacial shear strength was obtained for the carbon fiber covalently functionalized with the cellulose derivative. Nevertheless, the greatest increase was observed for the derivative substituted with a compact and highly lipophilic CF3 substituent. In a broader sense, our study provides a synthetic platform to bind cellulose derivatives to graphitic surfaces and paves the ways towards the preparation of innovative cellulose‐based carbonaceous materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interphase Engineering of a Cellulose‐Based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite by Applying Click Chemistry

et al. 2018

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“…Therefore, we have designed the synthetic strategy to involve reactions that are proved to be applicable for our purpose, including the graing procedure of small molecules and the deprotection step. 18 To further prove that single bres are physically not damaged we have performed FE-SEM-EDS experiments. In the course of these measurements FE-SEM image is rst acquired and then an in-depth chemical mapping is performed (the penetration of the electron beam is few mm and the diameter of the carbon bre is 7 mm).…”

Section: Surface Topography Of Carbon Bresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 Among the various possibilities, reactions involving diazonium species have caught appreciable scientic interest due to their reliability and versatility in respect to the graed molecular structure that can have various functionalities opening the gates for many other reactions to further proceed. 10,11,[17][18][19][20]30 Moreover, diazonium species can also be electrochemically reduced on the carbon bre surface, 19,20 which is highly attractive from the point of view of industrial application as the production of carbon bres already involves an electrochemical step providing the technological background.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Therefore, while in case of carbon nanotubes various chemistries are applied, 28 only a part of them can be successfully introduced to carbon bre surface chemistry. 29 Among the various possibilities, reactions involving diazonium species have caught appreciable scientic interest due to their reliability and versatility in respect to the graed molecular structure that can have various functionalities opening the gates for many other reactions to further proceed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aer carefully examining highresolution XPS spectra or introducing XPS-tags containing atoms that are not native to the carbon bre surface, the limitations could be overcome in several cases. 8,9,11,[17][18][19][20]24,29 It is also important to acquire XPS spectra from different locations along the carbon bre with as large spot size as possible to reduce the effects arising from heterogeneity (in our case a spot size of 400 mm was used). Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Carbon fibre reinforced cellulose-based polymers: intensifying interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the matrix

et al. 2018

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Interfacial interactions governing the interfacial adhesion between cellulose propionate and carbon fibre surface are placed under scrutiny to pave the way towards the development of green cellulose-based carbon fibre reinforced polymers. A range of molecular entities are deposited on the surface by initially grafting aromatic structures with appropriate functions via diazonium species followed by further derivatization of these entities. Cellulose propionate was also bound covalently to the surface via a tosylated derivative invoking its facile nucleophilic displacement reaction with surface-grafted amino functions. Significant increase in interfacial shear strength was obtained for the cellulose propionategrafted carbon fibre composite as well as for the 4-(aminomethyl)benzene-functionalized sample, in the latter case possible hydrogen bonding took place with the cellulose propionate matrix. Furthermore, the positive effect of a highly lipophilic and yet compact -CF 3 substituent was also noted. In order to let the grafted structure efficiently penetrate into the matrix, steric factors, lipophilicity and potential secondary interactions should be considered. It needs to be pointed out that we provide the first synthetic strategy to covalently bind cellulose derivatives to a largely graphitic surface and as such, it has relevance to carbonaceous materials being applied in cellulose-based innovative materials in the future.

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Self‐emulsifying anionic polyester sizing agents for enhancing the interfacial and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/vinyl ester resin composites

Geng,

Wang,

Niu

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, there is a growing focus on the synthesis of water‐solvent self‐emulsifying sizing agents. In this study, five types of anionic polyester sizing agents with varying molecular weights were synthesized to explore the effect of molecular weight on the interfacial bonding strength of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced vinyl resin composites. The results demonstrated that the molecular weights of the synthesized sizing agents were precise; the particles in the sizing agents were nanometer‐sized, monodisperse, and exhibited high thermal stability. When the molecular weight was 8000, it exhibited optimal wettability for CF, leading to a substantial improvement in the interlaminar shear strength, reaching 71.8 MPa, which represents a significant increase of 22.7% compared with commercial CFs (CFF). Additionally, the interfacial shear strength was maximized at 13.23 MPa, which was significantly increased by 14.2% compared with CCF. These significant improvements in surface properties and mechanical performance were attributed to the excellent wettability of the CF surface, effective spreading performance of the sizing agent, the presence of double bonds in the sizing agent facilitating reactions with free radicals on the CF surface, and the residual double bonds further undergoing curing with the vinyl resin, promoting the reinforcement of interface bonding.

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A novel approach to functionalise pristine unsized carbon fibre using in situ generated diazonium species to enhance interfacial shear strength

Abstract: An in situ diazonium grafting methodology was used to decorate the surface of carbon fibres with pendant amines. This methodology was shown to greatly affect IFSS in single fibre composites.

Cited by 54 publications

References 54 publications

Interphase Engineering of a Cellulose‐Based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite by Applying Click Chemistry

Interphase Engineering of a Cellulose‐Based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite by Applying Click Chemistry

Carbon fibre reinforced cellulose-based polymers: intensifying interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the matrix

Self‐emulsifying anionic polyester sizing agents for enhancing the interfacial and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/vinyl ester resin composites

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