A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules

Berger, Wolfgang; Simon, Franz‐Georg; Weimann, Karin; Alsema, E.A.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.12.001

Cited by 166 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…8) Conventional processes are based on the techniques of hydrometallurgy, where target elements are dissolved in acidic or basic solutions, and enriched by various types of extraction processes, which have been developed in the past decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation Behaviors of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> Semiconductor Compound via Pyrometallurgical Chlorination Process Utilizing Ammonium Chloride

2015

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The chlorination process utilizing ammonium chloride as chlorination reagent has been employed for the recovery of elements from a promising photovoltaic semiconductor material, copper indium gallium diselenide, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 , through vaporization of the chlorides of the elements. It was found that the chlorination took place by heating of the model sample in the presence of ammonium chloride. The influence of process parameters, such as oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase, the composition of ammonium chloride and the reaction temperature, has been investigated. The increase in the oxygen partial pressure resulted in the substantial increase in the recovery. The chlorides of indium and gallium deposited in the temperature zone around 400 K, while selenium chloride concentrated in the lower temperature zone below 320 K, for the reaction at 673 K. Copper was detected mostly in residue. At 1073 K, on the other hand, the evaporation of copper chloride was observed. These phenomena result from the difference in vapor pressure of metal chlorides.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation Behaviors of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> Semiconductor Compound via Pyrometallurgical Chlorination Process Utilizing Ammonium Chloride

2015

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“…Based on the literature, several mechanical [38,39], thermal [40], and hydrometallurgical processes [41][42][43] as well as their combinations [44][45][46] have been researched. Some recycling technologies for PV modules to recover thin-film materials are even commercially available; however, several challenges related to process optimization and economics of recycling processes still exist [40].…”

Section: Unique Technical Properties Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to economic issues, requirements of the extremely high purity of indium required in the ITO production set challenges for development of indium recycling processes. For example, a 99.999% purity of indium is required for ITO and TF PV module production, and recycling technologies currently in research are yet unable to reach this level [38].…”

Section: Open Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and Constraints of Critical Materials Recycling: The Case of Indium

Ylä-Mella

Pongrácz

2016

Resources

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Abstract:Raw material criticality studies are receiving increasing attention because an increasing number of elements of great economic importance, performing essential functions face high supply risks. Scarcity of key materials is a potential barrier to large-scale deployment of sustainable energy and clean-tech technologies as resorting to several critical materials. As physical scarcity and geopolitical issues may present a barrier to the supply of critical metals, recycling is regarded as a possible solution to substitute primary resources for securing the long-term supply of critical metals. In this paper, the main drivers and constraints for critical materials recycling are analyzed from literature, considering indium as a case study of critical materials. This literature review shows that waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) could be a future source of critical metals; however, the reduction of dissipation of critical materials should have much higher priority. It is put forward that more attention should be paid to sustainable management of critical materials, especially improved practices at the waste management stage. This calls for not only more efficient WEEE recycling technologies, but also revising priorities in recycling strategies.

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“…[8][9][10][11][12] S.M. Kang et al studied a procedure for the recovery of silicon and tempered glass using organic solvent 8) and the feasibility of a sustainable photovoltaic thin film module recycling by means of (wet-)mechanical processes was investigated by Berger W. et al 11) Futhermore, a study on the recovery of tellurium was conducted from CdTe-PV production and end-of-life scrap by Marwede M. et al 12) Unfortunately, no researches have attempted to recovery of copper from the photovoltaic ribbon in solar module yet.…”

Section: -7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Copper from Spent Photovoltaic Ribbon in Solar Module

Lee¹,

Jang²,

Kim³

et al. 2013

Journal of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling

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주제어 : 구리, 구리리본전극, 열처리, ICP-MS AbstractThe recovery of copper from spent photovoltaic ribbon was conducted using thermal treatment method at the range of temperature of 300 o C to 600 o C under inert atmosphere. The coating layer consisted of lead of 68.99 wt.% and tin of 31.21 wt.% was melted down at elevated temperatures and was collected on the bottom of crucible. The chemical composition of copper ribbon after thermal treatment was analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and the purity of copper was found to be obtained up to about 96 wt.% regardless of temperatures. The cross-sectional area of the specimen was also examined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray microscopy).

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A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules

Cited by 166 publications

References 19 publications

Evaporation Behaviors of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> Semiconductor Compound via Pyrometallurgical Chlorination Process Utilizing Ammonium Chloride

Evaporation Behaviors of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> Semiconductor Compound via Pyrometallurgical Chlorination Process Utilizing Ammonium Chloride

Drivers and Constraints of Critical Materials Recycling: The Case of Indium

Recovery of Copper from Spent Photovoltaic Ribbon in Solar Module

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