A novel approach for SWRO desalination plants operation, comprising single pass boron removal and reuse of CO2 in the post treatment step

Reducing the specific energy consumption of 1st-pass SWRO by application of high-flux membranes fed with high-pH, decarbonated seawater

“…c According to consultation with AWC Alkema, antiscalants cost were 4.4 $/kg and assuming concentrations of 1 mg/l-feed, 5 mg/l-feed and 2 mg/l-feed dosage for the conventional process, first and second scenarios, respectively. d Degasification stage estimated by its power requirements, using known design procedures and equations for packed bed stripping tower and obtained to be 0.027 kWh/m 3 feed (Nir et al, 2012;Crittenden et al, 2005). e Pretreatment costs evaluated at 11.4e12.0 c/m 3 product based on energy consumption, chemicals addition and spare parts for the UF system (Fritzmann et al, 2007;Lior, 2013).…”

“…f According to direct sea discharge the current estimation for brine disposal cost stands on 5.5 cent/m 3 product (Malaeb and Ayoub, 2011). g Additional B removal cost by anion exchange evaluated at 3.375 c/m 3 feed (Nir et al, 2012), assuming removal of 99% and 0.3 mgB/l as the final desired concentration, and treating 65% of the first pass permeate. Following the mentioned assumptions the resulting cost is 4.7 c/m 3 product.…”

“…a Energy cost was calculated as mentioned in Table 2 using 6.88 c/kWh (U.S energy information administration, 2015). b Strong acid and base costs were calculated according to H 2 SO 4 and Ca(OH) 2 prices of 100 $/ton (Birnhack et al, 2011;Sulfuric Acid Trading Company (SATCO), 2014) and 250 $/ton (Nir et al, 2012;Chemical Lime Co., Inc., 2008), respectively. Strong acid consumed in the acidification step amounted to 2.87 eq/m 3 feed water.…”

“…The method proposed in this work, which is a derivative of the process described in Nir et al (2012) is based on seawater decarbonation followed by high-pH membrane separation pass employed with high-flux membranes. The single-pass approach described herein is particularly aimed at achieving product water characterized by TDS <500 mg/l and B < 0.5 mg/l, as often required (e.g.…”

The influence of salts on the reverse osmosis performance treating simulated boron‐containing low level radioactive wastewater

“…In previous studies, operating conditions have been investigated for more than two decades including feed pressure, temperature and cross‐flow rate . That research focused on system design rather than on understanding the separation mechanisms of trace nuclides and boron during RO filtration.…”