“…The existing mathematical models employ different approaches to evaluate the key performance indicators (KPIs) of production systems and address design issues. Some of them include Markov processes, queuing models, stochastic automata networks, Petri nets, and process and diodic algebra used to evaluate configurations such as serial, assembly, splitting, re-entrant, and rework lines as well as job shops, flexible manufacturing cells, or other specific systems [5][6][7]. Amongst these, Markov chains and simulations based on queuing models are usually addressed in the majority of publications and applications.…”