“…Much attention has been focused on signal amplification using nanomaterials as labels to improve the sensitivity in immunoassays Wang et al, 2011Wang et al, , 2012. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used in different immunoassays due to its unique physical and chemical properties, such as easily controllable size distribution, long-term stability, superior conductivity, and biocompatibility (Arkan et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2014;Mani et al, 2009). Moreover, hybrid materials also have caused extensive interest by combining the desirable properties of various materials for synergistic effects.…”