A note on the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to contraceptive agent Nonyl-P.

Cowan, M E; Cree, G.

doi:10.1136/sti.49.1.65

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Studies have reported that sexually transmitted pathogens, such as N gonorrhoeae, C trachomatis, Trichomonas, and HIV, do not survive short exposure to this surfactant. 5,6,8,11 With the emergence of HIV as a sexually transmitted pathogen, several researchers sought to demonstrate its effectiveness in the prevention of disease acquisition in women. Although some publications reported its ability to prevent the acquisition of gonorrhea, C trachomatis, and HIV (for reviews see reference 2), some studies reported little protective effects and some reported an increase in the incidence of STIs such as HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Nonoxynol-9 May Have Failed to Prevent Acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Clinical Trials

Moncla

Hillier²

2005

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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N gonorrhoeae and H2O2-producing strains of vaginal lactobacilli were not killed by nonoxynol-9 at concentrations greater than those achievable in vivo. Earlier studies that formed the basis for subsequent trials most likely did not detect resistance because too few isolates were evaluated. Large numbers of clinical isolates should be examined before the initiation of clinical trial using microbicidal products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Nonoxynol-9 May Have Failed to Prevent Acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Clinical Trials

Moncla

Hillier²

2005

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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“…Determining whether N-9 is chlamydiacidal or only interferes with attachment or penetration into the target cell will require further study. The in vitro activity of commercially available spermicides against many sexually transmitted agents, including N. gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus, has been documented (2,3,5,13,14). In one clinical study, phenylmercuric acetate was found to be slightly more effective than N-9 in reducing gonorrheal incidence in a cohort of women (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro activity of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis

Kelly¹,

Reynolds²,

Stagno³

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The in vitro activity of nonoxynol-9 against four serotypes (C, D, H, and K) of Chlamydwa trachomatis was investigated. A constant inoculum of each serotype was exposed to serial twofold dilutions (1:100 to 1:800) of Koromex, Conceptrol, or reference preparations (not containing nonoxynol-9) for 4 and 24 h at 37°C. The mixtures of nonoxynal-9 or nonnonoxynol preparations and control inocula were dispensed into triplicate wells containing McCoy cell monolayers. After incubation at 37C, the monolayers were fixed and stained with idoine and examined for evidence of infection with C. trachomatis. All nonoxynol-9-containing preparations showed marked antichlamydial activity as judged by percent reduction of glycogen-containing intracytoplasmic inclusions. The reference preparations, which did not contain nonoxynol-9, were markedly less active when tested in this in vitro system. Nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a membrane-active detergent, is the active ingredient in numerous commercially available intravaginal contraceptive foams, inserts, and jellies. Previous studies have shown that this compound is active in vitro against many pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases. However, the activity of N-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the in vitro activity of N-9 against C. trachomatis by using two commercially available spermicides, both containing N-9, and reference preparations not containing N-9.MATERIALS AND METHODS Microorganisms. Four strains of C. trachomatis, serotypes C, D, H, and K, were tested. All strains were provided by E. R. Alexander, Atlanta, Ga., and were selected because they are representative of the strains commonly associated with urethritis in men and cervicitis in women.Contraceptives. The contraceptive products used in this study were the commercial preparations Conceptrol (Ortho Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Raritan, N.J.), containing 4% N-9, and Koromex (Youngs Drug Products, Piscataway, N.J.), containing 2% N-9. Although each contained N-9 as the spermicidal agent, the contraceptives differed slightly with regard to other constituents. Reference formulations of each product were provided by the manufacturers and were identical to the commercial formulations except for the absence of N-9. (1:10 to 1:2,560) were prepared in cell culture media. These dilutions were then dispensed into 96-well microtiter plates that contained McCoy cell monolayers and were incubated for 48 h at 37°C. Cellular toxicity was assessed by two methods: (i) visual determination of the condition of the monolayer under x100 magnification and (ii) the ability of the cells to exclude trypan blue.The antichlamydial activity of N-9 was assayed by the inoculation of serial twofold dilutions (1:100 to 1:800) of spermicide (N-9) or reference (non-N-9) preparations, mixed with a constant inoculum of each of four strains of C. trachomatis, into McCoy cell monolayers. Each of these mixtures and controls of cell culture media and inocula of the four strains had been incubated at 37°C ...

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“…The salmon is also mentioned in the twelfth-century tale Aisling Mac Conglinne that depicts a fantastical feast. 69 It appeared on Irish two shilling coins from their first minting by the Irish Free State in 1928, until the adoption of the Euro in 2002 70 and was served at the banquet given for Elizabeth II. 's state visit to Ireland in 2011.…”

Section: Fish and Seafoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Gilded Gravel in the Bowl’: Ireland’s cuisine and culinary heritage in the poetry of Seamus Heaney

Klitzing

2021

Folk Life

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Seamus Heaney's poetry is rich in detail about agricultural and food practices in his native Northern Ireland from the 1950s onwards, such as cattle-trading, butter-churning, eel-fishing, blackberry-picking or home-baking. Often studied from an ecocritical perspective, the abundance of agricultural and culinary scenes in Heaney's work makes a gastrocritical focus on food and foodways suitable. Food has been recognized as a highly condensed social fact, and writers have long tapped into its multi-layered meanings to illuminate sociocultural circumstances, making literature a valuable ethnographic source. A gastrocritical reading of Heaney's work from 1966 to 2010, drawing on Rozin's Structure of Cuisine, shows that the foodstuffs and culinary techniques featured in the poetry reflect historic and contemporary Irish cuisine and culture as explained by foodhistorical and folkloristic research, giving his work a particularly Irish cultural signature. In turn, Heaney's poetic sensibilities and language craft may contribute to our verstehen of Ireland's culinary heritage.

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A note on the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to contraceptive agent Nonyl-P.

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Why Nonoxynol-9 May Have Failed to Prevent Acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Clinical Trials

Why Nonoxynol-9 May Have Failed to Prevent Acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Clinical Trials

In vitro activity of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis

‘Gilded Gravel in the Bowl’: Ireland’s cuisine and culinary heritage in the poetry of Seamus Heaney

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