A note on the mineralization of lignite

Fowkes, W.W.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(72)90071-3

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…the founding values of our Constitution require' 157 According to Fowkes, 'the implication of Khumalo is that FC s 1(d) protects not only the basic mechanisms of representative democracy, in order to achieve accountability, but anything that promotes accountability in a representative democracy, such as a free press ' 158 However, Fowkes also contends that s 1(d) of the Constitution does not support a free-standing principle of accountability -despite an array of judgments that stand for the opposing proposition 159 To find that s 1(d) does so would sever its clear textual connection to representative democracy 160 2 A narrower conception of accountability: a principle of anti-corruption Should a principle of accountability appear too broad to provide a bright line for judicial intervention in the legislative process, then another narrower option exists: an anti-corruption, precautionary principle Whilst not as easily rooted in specific textual provisions, there is evidence in the jurisprudence of the Court that can be read in this way The earliest is the Heath case. 161 The Heath Court held that:…”

Section: Principal/agent Accountability and Democratic Process Dysfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precautionary constitutionalism, representative democracy and political corruption

Cachalia

2019

Constitutional Court Review

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The Constitutional Court has over the past several years intervened in a significant number of cases that set concrete rules for the manner in which the internal procedures of our representative branches should operate Once one overcomes anodyne expressions of the separation of powers doctrine, the departure from 'well established' understandings of the proper relationship between the judiciary and other branches in constitutional democracies begins to make sense in South Africa That said, our fundamental commitment to representative democracy and a 'separation of powers' should urge some caution when it comes to judicial intervention in the 'internal functioning' of the representative branches This article has put forward a 'democratic process' theory, which includes a specific case for 'representation-reinforcing review' aimed at promoting 'principal/ agent' accountability Given the deep commitment of the basic law to self-government in multiple forms, this theory holds that where self-dealing representatives: (a) fail to fulfil their custodial responsibilities for public resources on behalf of 'the people'; (b) engage in self-dealing; (c) are 'captured' by private interests; or (d) create corrupt patronage systems that threaten the entire democratic project, then the judiciary is well within its rights to impose binding legal constraints on the political process in order to secure accountability Of course, where accountability ends, and meddling starts, can sometimes be difficult to ascertain On several occasions the Court has failed to offer a persuasive argument for intervention in the internal processes of the representative branches of government But while the outcomes might appear jarring on a first read, this article shows that the Court's implicit recognition in recent cases of constitutional standards governing the relationship between representatives and voters (a 'principal/agent' relationship) in a representative democracy and the express principle of accountability in a constitutional state provides justification for the more troubling decisions reached and bright lines for future cases The case for democracyreinforcing review propounded here enables us to ascertain, as best as we can, when the rough and tumble of democratic politics-as a deep constitutional commitment-must be respected and when the democratic process has become so utterly dysfunctional and our representatives so remiss in the observance of their constitutional obligation of accountability to 'the people', that it renders our representative democracy 'representative' and 'democratic' in name only

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Section: Principal/agent Accountability and Democratic Process Dysfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precautionary constitutionalism, representative democracy and political corruption

Cachalia

2019

Constitutional Court Review

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Fundmental aspects of catalysed coal char gasification

Gangwal

Truesdale

1980

Int. J. Energy Res.

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A brief review of the basic aspects of catalysed coal char gasification is presented. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalysed and uncatalysed gasification reactions of coal char with steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are discussed. Mass transport effects and internal structure of coals are shown to be important in determining rates of these reactions. the importance of the type of catalyst used is also discussed. Such factors as catalyst cations and anions, the method by which the catalyst is contacted with the coal char, and physical and chemical states of the catalyst both prior to and during reaction are shown to be important in the gasification process. Finally, research instruments and equipment used recently for studies in catalysed gasification are reviewed. These include various types of reactor systems for following the course of these reactions and analytical instruments for assessing the physical and/or chemical state of the catalysts and/or coal char both prior to and during the gasification reactions.

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