A Note on the Definition of the “Motor” and “Premotor” Areas

Fulton, John F.

doi:10.1093/brain/58.2.311

Cited by 94 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…C: The pattern of movement representation in precentral cortex as summarized by Woolsey and his colleagues (Woolsey et al, 1952;Woolsey, 1958). These workers rejected Fulton's (1935Fulton's ( , 1949 distinction between primary motor and premotor cortex, believing that there is a single precentral motor area (MI; with a single body representation) spanning architectonic area 4 and the rostral part of area 6. Their precentral map localizes distal limb movements caudally and proximal and axial movements rostrally.…”

Section: Organization Of Premotor Cortex In Macaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study

1996

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We used intracortical microstimulation to investigate the lateral premotor cortex and neighboring areas in 14 hemispheres of owl monkeys, focusing on the somatotopic distribution of evoked movements, thresholds for forelimb movements, and the relative representation of proximal and distal forelimb movements. We elicited movements from the dorsal and ventral premotor areas (PMD, PMV), the caudal and rostral divisions of primary motor cortex (M1c, M1r), the frontal eye field (FEF), the dorsal oculomotor area (OMD; area 8b), the supplementary motor area (SMA), and somatosensory cortex (areas 3a and 3b). Area PMD was composed of architectonically distinguishable caudal and rostral subdivisions (PMDc, PMDr). Stimulation of PMD elicited movements of the hindlimb, forelimb, neck and upper trunk, face, and eyes. Hindlimb and forelimb movements were represented in the caudalmost part of PMDc. Face, neck, and eye movements were represented in the lateral and rostral parts of PMDc and in PMDr. Stimulation of PMV elicited forelimb and orofacial movements, but not hindlimb movements. Both proximal and distal forelimb movements were elicited from PMDc and PMV, although PMD stimulation elicited mainly shoulder and elbow movements, while PMV stimulation evoked primarily wrist and digit movements. Distal movements were evoked more frequently from PMV than from M1r or M1c. Across cases, the median forelimb thresholds for PMDc and PMV were 60 and 36 microA, respectively, values that differ significantly from each other and from the value of 11 microA obtained for M1r. Our observations indicate that premotor cortex is much more responsive to electrical stimulation than commonly thought, and contains a large territory from which eye movements can be elicited. These results suggest that in humans, much of the electrically excitable cortex located on the precentral gyrus, including cortex sometimes considered part of the frontal eye field, is probably homologous to the premotor cortex of nonhuman primates.

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Section: Organization Of Premotor Cortex In Macaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study

1996

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“…The portion of cortex lying rostral to the motor cortex is commonly referred to as premotor cortex (PMC) (Fulton 1935;Vogt and Vogt 1919). Its microscopic features are intermediate between the agranular pattern found in the motor cortex and the granular pattern found in the prefrontal cortex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dorsal premotor cortex exerts a powerful and specific inhibitory effect on the ipsilateral corticofacial system: a dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2015

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“…M1 covers the posterior part of precentral gyrus [Fulton, 1935]. This is the area where gigantopyramidal cells (Betz cells) exist (Brodmann area 4) [Brodmann, 1909].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticospinal output and cortical excitation‐inhibition balance in distal hand muscle representations in nonprimary motor area

Vaalto

Säïsänen

Könönen

et al. 2010

Human Brain Mapping

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the superior frontal gyrus in the non-primary motor area (NPMA) can evoke motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at 20 ms latency range in contralateral distal hand muscles similar to stimulation of M1 and indicating monosynaptic corticospinal tracts. We compared the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory balance in primary motor cortex (M1) and in NPMA by navigated single- and paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS). We also evaluated the spatial stability of muscle representations in M1 and NPMA by remapping 11 healthy subjects one year after the initial mapping. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was higher in NPMA than in M1 as were the MEP amplitudes evoked by 120% rMT stimulation intensity of the local MT. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly weaker in NPMA than in M1 at ISI of 2 ms and conditioning stimulus (CS) 80% rMT. Our findings suggest that the cortical hand representations in NPMA 1) are connected to lower motoneurons monosynaptically, 2) are less strictly organized, i.e. motoneuron population representing a discrete hand muscle is sparser and less dense than in M1 and 3) have the capacity to generate powerful, rapid muscle contraction if sufficient number of motoneurones are activated. In NPMA, local intracortical inhibitory and excitatory activity is mainly similar to that in M1. The lower SICI in NPMA at an ISI of 2 ms may reflect less strict topographic organization and readiness to reorganization of neural circuits during motor learning or after motor deficits.

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A Note on the Definition of the “Motor” and “Premotor” Areas

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study

Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study

The dorsal premotor cortex exerts a powerful and specific inhibitory effect on the ipsilateral corticofacial system: a dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Corticospinal output and cortical excitation‐inhibition balance in distal hand muscle representations in nonprimary motor area

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