A Note on the Corrosion Morphology of some Middle Elamite Copper Alloy Artefacts from Haft Tappeh, South-West Iran

Oudbashi, Omid; Emami, Mohammadamin

doi:10.1179/sic.2010.55.1.20

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The composition of redeposited corrosion compound on the surface of artefact is related to the nature of soil soluble anions and their reactivity [15,16]. This phenomenon is the main reason of corrosion morphologies appearing in archaeological bronzes in soil [9,15,16]. In samples studied, the dissolved Cu has reacted with Cl that has led to formation of copper trihydroxichlorides.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In samples studied, the dissolved Cu has reacted with Cl that has led to formation of copper trihydroxichlorides. The central phase consists of SnO 2 (cassiterite) with some Cu compounds such as cuprite (Cu 2 O) or nantokite (CuCl) [9]. The presence of some elements such as Al, Mg, Si and S in the corrosion layers may be due to immigration from the soil to the porous corrosion layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The XRD analysis on these samples proves the presence of these corrosion products in the sample. The XRD analyses were performed by X-ray diffraction, D8 ADVANCE model (Bruker axs, Germany), CuKα source with wavelength 1.54 Å, at the Central Laboratory of the University of Isfahan, Iran [9]. The XRD results are presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the main corrosion morphologies in ancient bronzes is layered morphology which is observed in some bronze artefacts from Haft Tappeh Middle Elamite site, southwest Iran, belonging to about the 14th century BC [9,10]. The completely corroded artefacts show a layered structure in which the central layer consists of a white-grayish phase that is covered with different layers in red, black and green.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The completely corroded artefacts show a layered structure in which the central layer consists of a white-grayish phase that is covered with different layers in red, black and green. The composition of the central layer in some samples has been studied previously by SEM-EDAX analysis [9], but to better understand other corrosion layers, the relationship between layers, chemical composition differences in layers and corrosion mechanism in these bronzes; in this paper we report a detailed stratigraphical investigation using SEM-EDS observation and analysis, as well as optical microscopy (OM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

et al. 2013

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Background: Archaeological metallic artefacts buried in soils deteriorate by means of various environmental as well as internal factors and mechanisms over time such as change in composition and microstructure of metal and corrosive factors due to long-term burial environment. Corrosion in metals occurs in different morphologies and results in different types of corrosion products based on soil composition. Identification of corrosion mechanisms and morphology in archaeological metals can help conservators to characterize deterioration occurred in metals and make decisions to protect artefacts about preventing further deterioration. In archaeological bronzes, different layers may form on the surface of artefacts and their composition, depth and shape depends on factors noted above. Results: In this paper, results of investigation carried out on ancient bronzes discovered from Haft Tappeh archaeological site, southwestern Iran, are presented. The ancient bronze samples are dated to the Middle Elamite period about 14th century BC. Some of the Haft Tappeh bronze artefacts corroded completely and a multilayer structure has formed. To study the stratigraphy of corrosion layers and their composition, some bronze artefacts have been analyzed using SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometry) and Optical Microscopy analyses. The results show difference between the amount of Cu and Sn in layers that may follow from copper leaching from inner layers and formation of copper trihydroxychlorides because of bronze disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

et al. 2013

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Multianalytical study of corrosion layers in some archaeological copper alloy artefacts

Oudbashi

2015

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Corrosion layers in some copper and bronze archaeological objects from Haft Tappeh archaeological site, southwest Iran, were studied. For this purpose, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, micro‐Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction methods were applied to observe corrosion stratigraphy and their characteristics as well as identification of chemical composition and phase determination of different corrosion layers. Based on optical and electron microscopy, three different corrosion strata were identified in cross section of different metallic objects including various red, green, white‐grey powdery and dark internal compact layers. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis on different corrosion layers revealed that Cu, Sn and Cl are the main elements in the chemical composition of different layers. Tin‐rich phases were detected in white‐grey and dark layers that may be formed because of the internal oxidation of tin as well as the decuprification (selective dissolution of copper) phenomena occurring during long‐term burial period in the soil. Also, the XRD and micro‐Raman spectroscopy results proved that the main corrosion products are nantokite (CuCl), copper trihydroxychlorides and copper oxides. The combination of these analytical methods allows us to explore the surface and internal corrosion layers of the archaeological copper and bronze samples, and major interest is on studying their chemistry, microstructural properties and corrosion stratigraphy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt

Salem

2022

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The current study aims to characterize a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt, in terms of the morphology and mechanism of corrosion. The characterization was carried out by a combination of methods, including the scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), USB digital microscope, X‐ray micro‐diffraction, and Raman micro‐spectroscopy. Insights into the morphology and corrosion mechanisms of two corrosion stages are presented. Specifically, the metallic‐wall layer was first converted into grayish‐brown corrosion mottled with green and gray spots in the central part, in which a greenish‐white corrosion phase was formed in the second stage. The EDS analysis of the greenish‐white phase revealed the predominance of tin, copper, oxygen, and carbon and a low chlorine content. The greenish‐white phase consisted of four corrosion products: romarchite, cassiterite, malachite, and a small amount of atacamite. The morphology developed upon corrosion was attributed to the selective dissolution and depletion of copper in the central layer, internal oxidation of tin, and conversion of cuprite into malachite. Moreover, the usual bronze corrosion products were formed as a superficial layer on the statue.

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A Note on the Corrosion Morphology of some Middle Elamite Copper Alloy Artefacts from Haft Tappeh, South-West Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

Multianalytical study of corrosion layers in some archaeological copper alloy artefacts

Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt

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