A Note on Pile Interaction Factors

Zheng

Num Anal Meth Geomechanics

et al. 2010

SUMMARYTunnel excavation could influence the working performance of adjacent pile foundations. How to accurately predict the tunneling-induced pile responses is becoming an important issue in urban areas. Previous methods tend to neglect the influence of working loads on the tunneling-induced pile responses. In this paper, a two-stage analysis method is proposed to study the behavior of pile groups with rigid elevated caps subjected to tunneling-induced ground movements, in which the pile-pile interaction, coupling of longitudinal and lateral deformation, and influence of working loads are considered. This method is validated by comparing the results with those from a general pile analysis program, GEPAN, centrifuge test data and field measured data. Thereafter, a series of parametric studies is carried out. The results show that the influence of working load on tunneling-induced pile responses is significant. Three different features of the pile responses will take place for different depth ratios. With the increase in soil stiffness, the tunneling-induced axial force increases linearly, whereas the bending moment increases nonlinearly. For soils with high stiffness, the maximum bending moment increases linearly with the ground loss ratio within the range of 0-5%; but for soils with low stiffness, this tendency becomes obviously nonlinear.

Section: Analysis Methods For Loaded Pile Groups With Rigid Elevatementioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis method for the influence of tunneling on adjacent loaded pile groups with rigid elevated caps

Zheng

Num Anal Meth Geomechanics

et al. 2010

“…LEE [9] developed a procedure to calculate the interaction factors for both rigid and flexible pile groups. COSTANZO and LANCELLOTA [10] proposed an approximate solution to evaluate the interaction factors taking into account the nonlinearity characteristic of surrounding soil around piles. WONG and POULOS [11] modified the interaction factors which can account for the different type of piles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simplified approach for settlement calculation of pile groups considering pile-to-pile interaction in layered soils

Yang

J. Cent. South Univ. Technol.

Zhao

2011

A simplified approach is presented for the analysis of the settlement of vertically loaded pile groups. In order to simulate the nonlinear pile-to-pile interaction in pile groups, the soils along the piles are assumed to behave as a series of nonlinear springs subjected to the shaft shear stress at the pile/soil interface. Considering the displacement reduction induced by the pile-to-pile interaction, the shear-deformation method is adopted to approximate the displacement field of the layered soils around the piles, and the equivalent stiffness of the springs is obtained. Furthermore, the load−settlement response of pile groups is deduced by modifying the load-transfer functions to account for the pile-to-pile interaction. The settlements of a laboratory pile groups computed by the presented approach are in a good agreement with measured results. The analysis on contrastive parameters shows that the settlements of pile group decrease with the increase of the pile space and pile length, and the part of piles exceeding the critical pile length has little contribution to the bearing capacity of the pile groups.

“…• a checklist for all the categories of relevant risk factors a lawyer needs to avoid; 144 • as a directing device for structuring problem solving so that lawyers do not get drawn into one aspect of the problem solving process (perhaps by personal preference), and forget about other aspects; • as a checklist of choice for thinking, communicating and acting so that all possible choices are considered. 145 With reference to the advantages of the step-by-step method as they were introduced above, 146 one might therefore conclude that its application is justified wherever private law is regarded as a device to solve disputes among individuals and/or legal persons. The step-by-step method solely "turns this function into structure", for which reason its application is not limited to Germany, the Common Law countries, mainland China or any other jurisdiction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structured Problem Solving: German Methodology from a Comparative Perspective

Wolff¹

2003

Legal Education Review

Kong. 1 The term "private law" means the law governing the (civil) relationships among individuals, associations and corporations excluding criminal law, administrative law and constitutional law. 2 B Groβfeld, "Examensvorbereitung und Jurisprudenz" ("Preparations for Examinations and Jurisprudence") (1992) JZ 22 at 25. "Substantive law" is used to describe the law that lays down people's rights, duties, liberties and powers, excluding adjectival law which relates to the enforcement of rights and duties, in particular the law of procedure and evidence: G Williams, Learning the Law (12th ed, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2002), pp 28-31. 3 "Civil Law" should be understood as the Roman law-influenced continental-European legal systems: C Graf von Bernstorff, Einführung in das englische Recht (Introduction to English Law) (2nd ed, München: