Kong. 1 The term "private law" means the law governing the (civil) relationships among individuals, associations and corporations excluding criminal law, administrative law and constitutional law. 2 B Groβfeld, "Examensvorbereitung und Jurisprudenz" ("Preparations for Examinations and Jurisprudence") (1992) JZ 22 at 25. "Substantive law" is used to describe the law that lays down people's rights, duties, liberties and powers, excluding adjectival law which relates to the enforcement of rights and duties, in particular the law of procedure and evidence: G Williams, Learning the Law (12th ed, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2002), pp 28-31. 3 "Civil Law" should be understood as the Roman law-influenced continental-European legal systems: C Graf von Bernstorff, Einführung in das englische Recht (Introduction to English Law) (2nd ed, München: