We study various measures of irrationality for hypersurfaces of large degree in projective space and other varieties. These include the least degree of a rational covering of projective space, and the minimal gonality of a covering family of curves. The theme is that positivity properties of canonical bundles lead to lower bounds on these invariants. In particular, we prove that if $X\subset \mathbb P^{n+1}$ is a very general smooth hypersurface of dimension $n$ and degree $d\ge 2n+1$, then any dominant rational mapping $f\colon X\dashrightarrow \mathbb P^n$ must have degree at least $d-1$. We also propose a number of open problems, and we show how our methods lead to simple new proofs of results of Ran and Beheshti–Eisenbud concerning varieties of multi-secant lines