“…It is possible to broadly separate the many methodologies in two groups: the ones where cracks are considered indirectly through material softening and the ones where cracks are explicitly modeled. In the first category, the fatigue damage models 23 can be cited as example as well as the crack band models 21,22,24,25 and more recently peridynamics, 26,27 phase field models, 28 among other models where strong discontinuities are incorporated into interpolatory functions. 29 In general, in these methodologies, crack path does not need to be known previously nor remeshing is necessary to follow crack path.…”