“…Numerous modifications and enhancements of this model, including its adoption for individual cylinder injections, have formed the basis of production strategies. Off-line and on-line system identification/parameter estimation techniques have been used in [6], [7], [8], [16], [11], [3], [21], [22], [24], [17], [12], [2] to identify parameters in transient fuel models; the inverses of such models then yield transient fuel compensators. Applying offline/on-line system identification techniques can be intricate due to several reasons.…”