A nonlinear dynamic model to international tourism demand in Spanish Mediterranean coasts

Abstract

Spanish Mediterranean coasts are a consolidated tourist destination and enjoy growing demand. These coasts receive the highest number of international arrivals in Spain. This paper has been developed to gain a better knowledge of the determinants of this international tourism demand. A nonlinear dynamic model that analyses how previous tourists can affect tourism demand decisions is proposed. This nonlinear dynamic specifi cation extends the standard dynamic equation for tourism demand to include interaction effects between previous tourists and two destination characteristics: the quality of the tourism services and tourist congestion. Both characteristics are important to defi ne the reputation or attractiveness of the destination. We test the model using panel data from the 11 provinces which make up the Spanish Mediterranean coasts, and the 7 European countries which are the main origin markets for the period 2005-2015. The system GMM procedure is applied to estimate the econometric model. The econometric results show evidence of strong persistence in international tourism demand. Previous tourists have an important positive and non-constant effect, and this effect is positively infl uenced by the quality of the tourism services, and negatively by tourist congestion. Therefore, the effect of previous tourists is not constant but varies across provinces and over time. This effect is stronger in provinces with high quality tourism services and lower congestion. Additionally, the impact of previous tourists has not remained constant over time, but has increased in the Mediterranean provinces since 2005. The investments realized in quality and quantity of hotel services during this period have enhanced their reputation.

Cross sections for inelastic meson-meson scattering via quark-antiquark annihilation

“…Including one-and two-loop corrections in chiral perturbation theory and imposing unitarity, the resonances appear and the experimental data are reproduced. This has been shown in approaches based on the results of chiral perturbation theory, for example, the master formula approach [38], the Padé method [39], the large-N f expansion [40], the N/D method [41], the inverse amplitude method [42], the K-matrix method [43], the current algebra unitarization [44], the Roy equations [45], the coupled-channel Lippmann-Schwinger equations [46], the Bethe-Salpeter approach [47], and the approaches based on effective meson Lagrangians [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”

Is the exotic X(5568) a bound state?

“…Although the state X(5568) can be reproduced in the coupled channel analysis in Ref. [19], the momentum cutoff used is much larger than the normal one.…”

Exploring X(5568) as a meson molecule

“…In these papers numerous aspects of the X b problems, including investigations of its structure and parameters, analysis some of production mechanisms are covered. For details and further explanations we refer to original works [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”