“…[14][15][16][17][18] In recent years, more and more studies have been conducted on ocean exploration by UMV, and there are many research studies on the path following control of an underactuated UMV for ocean exploration, as path following control system is one the most important control systems for an UMV. [19][20][21][22] Accurate path following control plays an important role for UMV in the oceanic surveys and exploration, an adaptive nonlinear second-order sliding mode controller is proposed to eliminate the chattering motion through a sliding surface during the path following control by Zhang et al, 23 and David et al proposed a novel improved proportional-integral-derivative control approach that enables variable ballast systems on an UMV to complement the underwater vehicle's hydroplanes when altitude keeping over a variable seabed, 24 while subject to complex unknown nonlinearities including un-modeled dynamics, uncertainties, and unknown disturbances, a novel fuzzy uncertainty observerbased path following control scheme for an underactuated marine vehicle is proposed in the study by Wang et al 25 The cooperative path following problem of multiple underactuated UMVs involves two tasks, 26 which may be used to cooperative topographic survey, and the first one is to force each UMV to converge to the desired parameterized path, while the second one is to satisfy the requirement of a cooperative behavior along the paths. A path following control scheme for deep-sea work class remotely operated vehicles subjected to disturbing forces and moments generated by parameter variations, ocean currents, umbilical cables, and other unknown disturbances is designed, 27 while based on a multi-body system concept, a model is designed based on an adaptive controller and a disturbance model is analyzed, which compensates the dynamics of a finite element tether and multi-body underwater vehicle manipulator.…”