A noninvasive ultrasonographic method to evaluate bladder function recovery in spinal cord injured rats

Keirstead, Hans S.; Fedulov, Vadim; Cloutier, Frank; Steward, Oswald; Duel, Barry P.

doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.027

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our results indicate that the somatic and autonomic nervous systems recovered together, and are consistent with the findings of a previous study that evaluated bladder function with a noninvasive ultrasonographic method instead of UDS (Keirstead et al, 2005). However we found neurotrophic factors did not change in correlation with the recovery of bladder or locomotor function.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Serial Changes in Bladder, Locomotion, and Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in Rats with Spinal Cord Contusion

Hyun

Lee

Son

et al. 2009

Journal of Neurotrauma

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the evolution of the neurogenic bladder after spinal cord contusion and to correlate changes in bladder function with locomotor function and levels of neurotrophic factors. The MASCIS impactor was used to cause a mild contusion injury of the lower thoracic spinal cord of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into four groups according to the length of time from injury to sacrifice, at 4, 14, 28, and 56 days after injury. Gait analysis was performed each week, and urodynamic study was performed just before sacrifice. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and coupling scores showed gradual recovery, as did the urinary voiding pattern and bladder volume; some parameters of micturition reached normal ranges. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the spinal cord, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, decreased with time, whereas neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) levels remained unchanged. The micturition pattern, bladder volume, and locomotor function continued to recover during the time of observation; BDNF levels in the spinal cord and bladder were inversely correlated with BBB scores and the restoration of bladder volume. We conclude that urodynamic changes in the bladder correlate with locomotion recovery but not with the levels of BDNF or NT-3 after modified mild contusion injury in rats.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Serial Changes in Bladder, Locomotion, and Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in Rats with Spinal Cord Contusion

Hyun

Lee

Son

et al. 2009

Journal of Neurotrauma

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“…For instance, spinal cord injuries at the thoracic region leave the lumbosacral segmental circuitry intact, and such injured rats may regain the ability to reflexively void over several weeks (Kruse et al, 1993;Pikov et al, 1998;Cheng and de Groat, 2004). Furthermore, there is retention of essentially all produced urine (Pikov and Wrathall, 2001;Keirstead et al, 2005). In contrast, we show that rats with a bilateral VRA injury do not reflexively void because of a permanently interrupted segmental reflex.…”

Section: Bladder Function In Upper Versus Lower Motor Neuron Injurycontrasting

confidence: 43%

Functional Reinnervation of the Rat Lower Urinary Tract after Cauda Equina Injury and Repair

Hoang

Pikov²,

Havton³

2006

J. Neurosci.

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Conus medullaris and/or cauda equina forms of spinal cord injury commonly result in a permanent loss of bladder function. Here, we developed a cauda equina injury and repair rodent model to investigate whether surgical implantation of avulsed lumbosacral ventral roots into the spinal cord can promote functional recovery of the lower urinary tract. Adult female rats underwent sham surgery (n ϭ 6), bilateral L5-S2 ventral root avulsion (VRA) injury (n ϭ 5), or bilateral L5-S2 VRA followed by an acute implantation of the avulsed L6 and S1 ventral roots into the conus medullaris (n ϭ 6). At 12 weeks after operation, the avulsed group demonstrated urinary retention, absence of bladder contractions and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyographic (EMG) activation during urodynamic recordings, increased bladder size, and retrograde death of autonomic and motoneurons in the spinal cord. In contrast, the implanted group showed reduced urinary retention, return of reflexive bladder voiding contractions coincident with EUS EMG activation, anatomical reinnervation of the EUS demonstrated by retrograde neuronal labeling, normalization of bladder size, and a significant neuroprotection of both autonomic and motoneurons. In addition, a positive correlation between motoneuronal survival and voiding efficiency was observed in the implanted group. Our results show that implantation of avulsed lumbosacral ventral roots into the spinal cord promotes reinnervation of the urinary tract and return of functional micturition reflexes, suggesting that this surgical repair strategy may also be of clinical interest after conus medullaris and cauda equina injuries.

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“…Additionally, evaluation of lower urinarytract function after SCI is highly clinically relevant, as indicated from a survey of SCI patients who rate restoration of voluntary control of bladder function as a high recovery priority (Anderson, 2004). Urine storage and voiding are key functions of the lower urinary tract, and measuring bladder weight in rats after SCI has previously been used as an indicator of lower urinary-tract functional recovery, with lower bladder weights associated with functional recovery (Keirstead et al, 2005;Wrathall, 2001, 2002;Pikov et al, 1998). The bladder weights that we report for the uninjured, laminectomy-only groups (0.1 g) were similar to those reported previously by others in their evaluation of micturition and lower urinary-tract function in rats after SCI (Keirstead et al, 2005;Wrathall, 2001, 2002).…”

Section: Estrogen Promotes Tissue Sparing and Associated Functional Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Endogenous Androgens on 17β-Estradiol-Mediated Protection after Spinal Cord Injury in Male Rats

Kachadroka

Hall

Niedzielko

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Several groups have recently shown that 17b-estradiol is protective in spinal cord injury (SCI). Testosterone can be aromatized to 17b-estradiol and may increase estrogen-mediated protection. Alternatively, testosterone has been shown to increase excitotoxicity in models of central nervous system (CNS) injury. These experiments test the hypothesis that endogenous testosterone in male rats alters 17b-estradiol-mediated protection by evaluating a delayed administration over a clinically relevant dose range and manipulating testicular-derived testosterone. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were either gonadectomized or left gonad-intact prior to SCI. SCI was produced by a midthoracic crush injury. At 30 min post SCI, animals received a subcutaneous pellet of 0.0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 mg of 17b-estradiol, released over 21 days. Hindlimb locomotion was analyzed weekly in the open field. Spinal cords were collected and analyzed for cell death, expression of Bcl-family proteins, and white-matter sparing. Post-SCI administration of the 0.5-or 5.0-mg pellet improved hindlimb locomotion, reduced urinary bladder size, increased neuronal survival, reduced apoptosis, improved the Bax=Bcl-xL protein ratio, and increased white-matter sparing. In the absence of endogenous testicular-derived androgens, SCI induced greater apoptosis, yet 17b-estradiol administration reduced apoptosis to the same extent in gonadectomized and gonadintact male rats. These data suggest that delayed post-SCI administration of a clinically relevant dose of 17b-estradiol is protective in male rats, and endogenous androgens do not alter estrogen-mediated protection. These data suggest that 17b-estradiol is an effective therapeutic intervention for reducing secondary damage after SCI in males, which could be readily translated to clinical trials.

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A noninvasive ultrasonographic method to evaluate bladder function recovery in spinal cord injured rats

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Serial Changes in Bladder, Locomotion, and Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in Rats with Spinal Cord Contusion

Serial Changes in Bladder, Locomotion, and Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in Rats with Spinal Cord Contusion

Functional Reinnervation of the Rat Lower Urinary Tract after Cauda Equina Injury and Repair

Effect of Endogenous Androgens on 17β-Estradiol-Mediated Protection after Spinal Cord Injury in Male Rats

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