A Nonintrusive Flow Rate Sensor Based on Microwave Split-Ring Resonators and Thermal Modulation

Niksan, Omid; Jain, Mandeep Chhajer; Shah, Aaryaman; Zarifi, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2022.3142038

Cited by 45 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Split-ring resonators (SRRs) are a class of microwave devices that have contributed significantly to the development of contactless, inexpensive, reusable, and real-time microwave sensors. − SRRs consist of metal traces that support electromagnetic waves with a specific resonant frequency. − Materials can be detected, characterized, and classified by translating their electromagnetic interaction with the microwave signal into changes in the sensor’s electrical parameters, such as resonant amplitude, resonant frequency, and quality factor (Q-factor). ,− Recently, microwave sensors have gained significant attention for sensing frost and ice due to the large difference between the dielectric properties of ice and water. , Planar SRRs integrated with microfluidic channels have also enabled read-time noncontact and nonintrusive detection of microbial growth, blood glucose level, and liquid mixtures at low sample volumes, with applications in microbiology, pharmaceutical, and wastewater treatment facilities . Furthermore, implementation of radio and microwave frequency devices as sensors helps enable their use in the digital world via wireless operation, smart sensing, and Internet of Things (IoT) integration. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers

Wiltshire

Alijani

Sopha

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Detection of visible light is a key component in material characterization techniques and often a key component of quality or purity control analyses for health and safety applications. Here in this work, to enable visible light detection at gigahertz frequencies, a planar microwave resonator is integrated with high aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layer-sensitized CdS coating using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. This unique method of visible light detection with microwave-based sensing improves integration of the light detection devices with digital technology. The designed planar microwave resonator sensor was implemented and tested with resonant frequency between 8.2 and 8.4 GHz and a resonant amplitude between −15 and −25 dB, depending on the wavelength of the illuminated light illumination on the nanotubes. The ALD CdS coating sensitized the nanotubes in visible light up to ∼650 nm wavelengths, as characterized by visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, CdS-coated TNT layer integration with the planar resonator sensor allowed for development of a robust microwave sensing platform with improved sensitivity to green and red light (60 and 1300%, respectively) compared to the blank TNT layers. Moreover, the CdS coating of the TNT layer enhanced the sensor’s response to light exposure and resulted in shorter recovery times once the light source was removed. Despite having a CdS coating, the sensor was capable of detecting blue and UV light; however, refining the sensitizing layer could potentially enhance its sensitivity to specific wavelengths of light in certain applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers

Wiltshire

Alijani

Sopha

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Alireza Pourafzal and Michael Cheffena are with the Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway (e-mails: alireza.pourafzal@ntnu.no and michael.cheffena@ntnu.no) sensing [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and solid and thickness sensing [20][21][22][23], just to name a few.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost and Accurate Microwave Sensor System for Permittivity Characterization

et al. 2023

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A novel low-cost microwave sensor system is proposed for accurate sensing of the real relative permittivity of materials under test (MUT). The proposed solution eliminates the need for using advanced measurement devices such as the vector network analyzer (VNA) for sensor characterization. The proposed sensor system is built on a software-defined radio platform. A suitable two-stage frequency estimation approach was developed for estimating the frequency shift of the resonator sensor associated with the real relative permittivity of the MUT. First, the neighborhood of the resonance frequency is obtained utilizing a low-resolution coarse search, followed by a fine search method to accurately estimate the resonance frequency. For the fine search, we modified the AM frequency estimation algorithm and the Golden Section search algorithm to suite the proposed sensor system. The performance of the proposed sensor system is validated through simulations and experiments. To demonstrate the feasibility of the concept, experiments were conducted by implementing the solution on a Universal Software Radio Peripheral transceiver using a resonator sensor for detecting the binary mixture of water and methanol. The results show that the proposed sensor system achieves measurement accuracy comparable to advanced equipment such as the VNA. Thus, the proposed sensor system could be a low-cost alternative for sensor characterization purposes with accuracy comparable to standard equipment.

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“…Microwave techniques, as a noninvasive, nonionizing, and contactless method, have garnered substantial attention for materials detection. − Microwave-based monitoring approaches operate based on electromagnetic (EM) field perturbation, which refers to a change or alteration in the EM field caused by the presence of a material; this affects the behavior of the microwave, such as its frequency, phase, or amplitude. − Planar resonators stand out among different microwave-based detection methods due to their remarkable sensitivity, noncomplexity, ease of fabrication, and scalability. − These resonators monitor the dielectric characteristics of materials in the nearfield, specifically permittivity and loss. Changes in these characteristics due to environmental factors appear as shifts in the resonant profile (resonant frequency and resonant amplitude) of the device in the microwave frequency spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microwave Voyage into Swelling Phenomenon: Investigation of Polydimethylsiloxane and VOCs Interaction

Mirzaei,

McClelland,

Sharma

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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When exposed to specific gases, polymers undergo swelling, leading to physiochemical changes that can significantly affect their performance. Monitoring this swelling phenomenon requires innovative approaches. This study focuses on investigating the real-time resonant microwave behavior of two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures (solid and porous) in interaction with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetone, which are primary swelling agents. A microwave measurement method is proposed using an 8.63 GHz planar split ring resonator (SRR). The device's resonant frequency downshifts to 7.75 and 8.42 GHz when solid and porous PDMS blocks are placed on the split ring gap. Interaction of the solid PDMS and porous PDMS with target gases caused a change in PDMS structure resulting in alterations in the dielectric properties of the PDMS/gas system, as evidenced by the resonator's transmission amplitude and resonant frequency shifts. The magnitude of these shifts depends on the type and concentration of the solvent gas. The PDMS-integrated SRR exhibits a sensitivity of 25.3 MHz/1 ppt THF and 7 MHz/1 ppt acetone. Additionally, the solid block demonstrates response times of 6800 and 4200 s for swelling and deswelling, respectively, when in exposure to 25 ppt concentrations of THF and acetone. Overall, this study underscores the substantial potential of microwave resonators as versatile tools for investigating the physical changes in polymers during their interaction with gases, contributing to the understanding of polymer−gas interactions and opening avenues for further research and diverse applications.

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A Nonintrusive Flow Rate Sensor Based on Microwave Split-Ring Resonators and Thermal Modulation

Cited by 45 publications

References 74 publications

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers

A Low-Cost and Accurate Microwave Sensor System for Permittivity Characterization

A Microwave Voyage into Swelling Phenomenon: Investigation of Polydimethylsiloxane and VOCs Interaction

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A Nonintrusive Flow Rate Sensor Based on Microwave Split-Ring Resonators and Thermal Modulation

Cited by 45 publications

References 74 publications

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO2 Nanotube Layers

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO2 Nanotube Layers

A Low-Cost and Accurate Microwave Sensor System for Permittivity Characterization

A Microwave Voyage into Swelling Phenomenon: Investigation of Polydimethylsiloxane and VOCs Interaction

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Product

Resources

About

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers

Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO₂ Nanotube Layers