A Nonconventional Scenario for Thermal Equilibrium

Abstract

A nonuniform superconducting loop poses a challenge to statistical mechanics: assuming thermal equilibrium and applying the accepted rules, we obtain that the heat flow does not vanish.

Thermodynamic failure in the Ginzburg--Landau approach to fluctuation superconductivity

“…

More than a decade ago I considered a model that represented a discretized superconducting loop with nonuniform thickness. The temperature of the loop was uniform but, nevertheless, I found that, in equilibrium, there is still heat flow along the ring [1]. Here I report two required corrections to the hypotheses of that study.The first correction required is in Eq.

…”

“…k 2k B T σw k N/L∆t, where η A k stands for a random variable with zero average, variance 1 and normal distribution, and all the definitions made in [1] still apply.…”

“…Defining the dimensionless value γ = hσw 0 /e 2 L, where w 0 is the largest cross section of the loop, taking ∆t sufficiently small, and choosing a gauge such that cE k = −∆A k /∆t, where A k is the magnetic potential in segment k and ∆A k (t) = A k (t + ∆t) − A k (t), Eq. (8) of [1] becomes an evolution equation for A k (t):…”

“…with w k± = (w k + w k±1 )/2 for k = 2, ...N − 1 and w N+ = w 1− = (w N + w 1 )/2. Since in [1] it is assumed that the enclosed flux is constant, we have the constraint ∆A k = 0. The value of the current is determined by this constraint.…”

Infrared Cloaking, Stealth, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

“…Gordon [39][40][41][42] and J. Denur [43][44][45][46]. By the mid-1990s, the number and variety of challenges mushroomed as multiple research teams entered the field, includingČápek et al [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen [62][63][64][65][66], Berger [67,68], Crosignani et al [69][70][71][72][73], Keefe [74][75][76], Nikulov and Dubonos et al [77][78][79], and Miller [80]. During the last 20 years, more than a half-dozen challenges have been investigated at University of San Diego (USD), covering the fields of plasma, chemical, gravitational, biological and solid state physics [9][10][11][81]…”