A Non-Randomized Pilot Study on the Benefits of Baby Swimming on Motor Development

Abstract

According to the concept of “embodied cognition”, motor development should not be considered distant from cognitive and language processes. Motor development is essential in the first 1000 days of life, as the child explores and learns new information from the environment. Among motor activities, baby swimming allows infants to make movements that they are not able to perform on solid ground. Since movements become slower in water, the sensory perception of these movements is amplified. However, the relationship between early swimming experience and motor development has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we carried out a pilot study with the aim of exploring this relationship for the first time. To that end, 32 infants aged from 6 to 10 months were recruited. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2 was used to assess motor abilities in healthy children who regularly carried out aquatic courses compared to children who never attended swimming practice. Independent-sample t-tests showed significant differences in favor of the group that performed infant swimming activities on measures of reflexes (t = −2.2, p < 0.05), grasping (t = −3.8, p < 0.001), fine-motor quotient (t = −3.4, p < 0.01) and total-motor quotient (t = −2.4, p < 0.05). Overall, in line with the embodied cognition perspective, these preliminary results are encouraging and allow us to investigate how motor development influences later language development.

Effects of Exposure to Formal Aquatic Activities on Babies Younger Than 36 Months: A Systematic Review

“…One pilot study [ 39 ] pointed to an increase in developmental percentile (measured using AIMS) after baby swimming program intervention. Similar results were found in cross-sectional studies showing significant improvements in gross [ 40 , 41 , 43 ], fine, and total motor development [ 41 ] in infants participating in swimming programs when compared with the control groups and that four-year-old children who previously participated in baby swimming programs had better scores in prehension (ball skills) and in static balance (one-leg balance) than children that did not participate in baby swimming programs [ 38 ]. In cognitive performance, no significant pre- or post-test differences were found in either the intervention or control group, only a marginal tendency towards intervention-related gains in inhibition speed and response selection (or shifting) accuracy [ 41 ].…”

“…The positive effect on child neurodevelopment reported by Garcia and colleagues in their systematic review [ 17 ] was confirmed for infants younger than 36 months in the present review. Although three studies had already been included in Garcia et al’s review [ 38 , 39 , 48 ], more recent studies confirmed the positive effects of aquatic activities exposure on infants’ development [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 49 ]. Baby swimming programs were associated with improvements in gross, fine, and total motor development [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 43 ] (even when the children are older [ 38 ]); improvement in motion perception [ 42 ]; and a tendency for an improvement in early executive function skills [ 41 ].…”

Assessment of the measurement properties of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 by applying the COSMIN methodology

“…Motor development refers to the ability of children to move and interact with the environment and is very important in early childhood [ 1 ]. Proper motor development provides an opportunity for children to explore and participate in the world around them [ 2 ].…”

Baby Swimming: Environment & Equipment

“…Although it has been shown that infants younger than 2 years of age cannot learn swimming or survival skills in the water (Taylor et al, 2020), recent studies have shown other important benefits of (Camus, 1993)baby swimming participation (Santos et al, 2023). For instance, it has been shown that young children who participate in early-years swimming achieve particular motor milestones earlier than the normal population across motor (Borioni et al, 2022;Dias et al, 2013;Leo et al, 2022;Pereira et al, 2011;Sigmundsson & Hopkins, 2010) and cognitive (Borioni et al, 2022) domains.…”