A Nomogram Model to Predict Early Recurrence of Patients With Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma for Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guidance: A Multi-Institutional Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundThe influence of different postoperative recurrence times on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the independent risk factors and establish a nomogram prediction model of early recurrence (recurrence within 1 year) to screen patients with ICC for ACT.MethodsData from 310 ICC patients who underwent radical resection between 2010 and 2018 at eight Chinese tertiary hospitals were used to analyze the risk factors and establish a nomogram model to predict early recurrence. External validation was conducted on 134 patients at the other two Chinese tertiary hospitals. Overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for prognosis. A logistic regression model was used to screen independent risk variables for early recurrence. A nomogram model was established based on the above independent risk variables to predict early recurrence.ResultsACT was a prognostic factor and an independent affecting factor for OS and RFS of patients with ICC after radical resection (p < 0.01). The median OS of ICC patients with non-ACT and ACT was 14.0 and 15.0 months, and the median RFS was 6.0 and 8.0 months for the early recurrence group, respectively (p > 0.05). While the median OS of ICC patients with non-ACT and ACT was 41.0 and 84.0 months, the median RFS was 20.0 and 45.0 months for the late recurrence group, respectively (p < 0.01). CA19-9, tumor size, major vascular invasion, microvascular invasion, and N stage were the independent risk factors of early recurrence for ICC patients after radical resection. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.777 (95% CI: 0.713~0.841) and 0.716 (95%CI: 0.604~0.828) in the training and testing sets, respectively.ConclusionThe nomogram model established based on the independent risk variables of early recurrence for curatively resected ICC patients has a good prediction ability and can be used to screen patients who benefited from ACT.

Textbook outcome in gallbladder carcinoma after curative-intent resection: a 10-year retrospective single-center study

“…The nomogram, as a predictive statistical model for individual patients, has been shown to have advantages in predicting tumor recurrence; and a TO after resection has been proposed as a practical tool to guide cancer treatment. [9,36] In this study, a nomogram model was developed using factors independently associated with achieving a TO, including age, TBIL level, tumor differentiation status, liver involvement, and T stage. The nomogram demonstrated good predictive ability, with a C-index of 0.728; thus, the nomogram can help predict a TO and provide a refer-ence for effective perioperative management.…”