A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa*

Levine, Norman D.; Corliss, John O.; Cox, F. E. G.; Deroux, G.; Grain, J.; Honigberg, B. M.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Loeblich, Alfred R.; Lom, I.; Lynn, Denis H.; Merinfeld, E. G.; Page, F. Zeb; Poljansky, G.; Sprague, Victor; Vávra, Jiří; Wallace, F. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04228.x

Cited by 673 publications

(235 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…O termo hemogregarina é usado para descrever coletivamente parasitos sanguineos pertencentes às subordens Adeleiina e Eimeriina do Filo Api complexa (Levine et al 1980). Em Eimeriina, a esporogonia e a merogonia ocorrem no hospedeiro vertebrado e o hospedeiro invertebrado serve apenas como vetor mecânico para a transmissão dos parasitos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Determinação de hemogregarina em Boa constrictor constrictor mantidos em cativeiro

et al. 2012

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a presença de hemogregarina em boídeos mantidos em cativeiro no Estado do Pará, bem como, relacionar a hemoparasitose com pre-disposição sexual, alterações clínicas e hematológicas e a presença de ectoparasitos. Esta pesquisa teve autorização do Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis para ser realizado. Utilizaram-se 19 serpentes da família Boidae mantidas em cativeiro, pertencentes ao "Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" (Belém/PA) e "Sítio Xerimbabo" (Santo Antônio do Tauá/PA). A pesquisa de hemogregarina foi realizada em esfregaços sanguíneos examinados no aumento de 400x, enquanto que a parasitemia foi determinada contando- se 550 hemácias em aumento de 1000x. Do total de animais estudados (n=19), nove encontraram-se parasitados (47,36%), não havendo correlação entre presença de hemogregarina, pré-disposição sexual, alterações clínicas e hematológicas nas serpentes hospedeiras. A correlação da hemoparasitose foi detectada apenas quanto à presença de ectoparasitas nas serpentes, no entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para verificar a prevalência de hemogregarinas em animais mantidos em cativeiro no Estado do Pará, visto que, existe grande lacuna de dados na literatura veterinária especializada no que diz respeito à fauna da região amazônica.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Determinação de hemogregarina em Boa constrictor constrictor mantidos em cativeiro

et al. 2012

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“…However, following the discovery of radical differences in detailed body plan among them by electron microscopy, an era of oversplitting ensued. Honigberg (1973) created Parabasalia, initially a superorder, for trichomonads and hypermastigotes, which constituted the core of Grassé's concept of Metamonadina, but the higher classification of zooflagellates remained rather confused and non-phylogenetic (Levine et al, 1980). Attempting to rectify this, I raised Parabasalia in rank to phylum (Cavalier-Smith, 1981), because of their unique exonuclear mitosis, stacked parabasal Golgi and associated parabasal filament, hydrogenosomes and distinctive costa and axostyle, and established a phylum Metamonada for the rest of Grassé's Metamonadina plus diplomonads, a distinction adopted by Sleigh & Patterson (1984) and many others, e.g.…”

Section: Changing Views Of the Metamonadamentioning

confidence: 99%

The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grasse emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa

Cavalier‐Smith

2003

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

101

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It is argued here that the anaerobic protozoan zooflagellate Parabasalia, Carpediemonas and Eopharyngia (diplomonads, enteromonads, retortamonads) constitute a holophyletic group, for which the existing name Trichozoa is adopted as a new subphylum. Ancestrally, Trichozoa probably had hydrogenosomes, stacked Golgi dictyosomes, three anterior centrioles and one posterior centriole: the typical tetrakont pattern. It is also argued that the closest relatives of Trichozoa are Anaeromonada (Trimastix, oxymonads), and the two groups are classified as subphyla of a revised phylum Metamonada. Returning Parabasalia and Anaeromonadea to Metamonada, as in Grassé 's original classification, simplifies classification of the kingdom Protozoa by reducing the number of phyla within infrakingdom Excavata from five to four. Percolozoa (Heterolobosea plus Percolatea classis nov.) and Metamonada are probably both ancestrally quadriciliate with a kinetid of four centrioles attached to the nucleus; the few biciliates among them are probably secondarily derived. Metamonada ancestrally probably had two divergent centriole pairs, whereas, in Percolozoa, all four centrioles are parallel. It is suggested that Discicristata (Percolozoa, Euglenozoa) are holophyletic, ancestrally with two parallel centrioles. In the phylum Loukozoa, Malawimonadea classis nov. is established for Malawimonas (with a new family and order also) and Diphyllatea classis nov., for Diphylleida (Diphylleia, Collodictyon), is transferred back to Apusozoa. A new class, order and family are established for the anaerobic, biciliate, tricentriolar Carpediemonas, transferring it from Loukozoa to Trichozoa because of its triply flanged cilia; like Retortamonas, it may be secondarily biciliate -its unique combination of putative hydrogenosomes and flanged cilia agree with molecular evidence that Carpediemonas is sister to Eopharyngia, diverging before their ancestor lost hydrogenosomes and acquired a cytopharynx. Removal of anaeromonads and Carpediemonas makes Loukozoa more homogeneous, being basically biciliate, aerobic and free-living, in contrast to Metamonada. A new taxon-rich rRNA tree supports holophyly of Discicristata and Trichozoa strongly, holophyly of Metamonada and Excavata and paraphyly of Loukozoa weakly. Mitochondria were probably transformed into hydrogenosomes independently in the ancestors of lyromonad Percolozoa and Metamonada and further reduced in the ancestral eopharyngian. Evidence is briefly discussed that Metamonada and all other excavates share a photosynthetic ancestry with Euglenozoa and are secondarily non-photosynthetic, as predicted by the cabozoan hypothesis for a single secondary symbiogenetic acquisition of green algal plastids by the last common ancestor of Euglenozoa and Cercozoa. Excavata plus core Rhizaria (Cercozoa, Retaria) probably form an ancestrally photophagotrophic clade. The origin from a benthic loukozoan ancestor of the characteristic cellular features of Percolozoa and Euglenozoa through divergent adaptations for feeding on or ...

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“…Despite later taxonomic revision, many of Haeckel's original descriptions of the Challenger Radiolaria persist today. Modern systematists place acantharia in a class distinct from polycystines and phaeodaria but generally agree that these classes are members of the Actinopoda (2,3,(11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic relationships between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea: A molecular perspective on Haeckel’s Radiolaria

Zettler

Sogin

Caron

1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Polycystine radiolaria are among few protistan groups that possess a comprehensive fossil record available for study by micropaleontologists. The Polycystinea and the Acantharea, whose skeletons do not become fossilized, were once members of the class ''Radiolaria'' (''Radiolaria'' sensu lato: Polycystinea, Phaeodarea, and Acantharea) originally proposed by Haeckel but are now included in the superclass Actinopoda. Phylogenetic relationships within this superclass remain largely enigmatic. We investigated the evolutionary relationship of the Acantharea and the Polycystinea to other protists using phylogenetic analyses of 16S-like ribosomal RNA (rRNA) coding regions. We circumvented the need to culture these organisms by collecting and maintaining reproductive stages that contain many copies of their genomic DNA. This strategy facilitated extraction of genomic DNA and its purification from symbiont and prey DNA. Phylogenetic trees inferred from comparisons of 16S-like coding regions do not support a shared history between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea. However, the monophyly of the Acantharea and the separate monophyly of the Polycystinea (Spumellarida) are well supported by our molecularbased trees. The acantharian lineage branches among crown organisms whereas the polycystine lineage diverges before the radiation of the crown groups. We conclude that the Actinopoda does not represent a monophyletic evolutionary assemblage and recommend that this taxonomic designation be discarded.

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A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa*

Cited by 673 publications

References 46 publications

Determinação de hemogregarina em Boa constrictor constrictor mantidos em cativeiro

Determinação de hemogregarina em Boa constrictor constrictor mantidos em cativeiro

The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grasse emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa

Phylogenetic relationships between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea: A molecular perspective on Haeckel’s Radiolaria

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