A new “zero-strain” material for electrochemical lithium insertion

Two-phase transition of Li-intercalation compounds in Li-ion batteries

“…Similar to Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , the spinel LiRh 2 O 4 is also a 'zero-strain' insertion material with a very small volume change of ca. 0.5% between LiRh 2 O 4 and Li 2 Rh 2 O 4 , and a flat potential plateau of 3.2 V indicates the two-phase reaction in Li-ion batteries, as reported by Gu et al[82]. The spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 with a high redox potential of 4.7 V can be divided into two different space groups as Fd-3m and P4 3 32, and the phase transition of Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 involves three phases in nearly the same potential region, namely LiNi 0.as reported by Wang et al and Arai et al[83,84].…”

High-pressure study of Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 spinel

“…Recently, ex situ Raman spectroscopic studies have revealed that the zero-strain characteristics are due to local structural changes in the LiO 6 and TiO 6 octahedra. 6,7 Zero-strain or nearly zero-strain characteristics are also observed in other spinel compounds like Li 1/2+x/2 Fe 5/2−3x/2 Ti x O 4 with 0.875 ≤ x < 5/3, 8,9 LiRh 2 O 4 , 10 and LiCoMnO 4 ; 11,12 however, in the case of LiCoMnO 4 , the rigid framework of the ccp lattice-not the local structural changes-contributes to the zero-strain reaction scheme.…”

Construction of an Artificial Ferrimagnetic Lattice by Lithium Ion Insertion into a Neutral Donor/Acceptor Metal–Organic Framework

“…[15] During the insertion of Li-ions into 1' ',t he galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) was used to suppress inhomogeneous Li-ion insertion. [16] In GITT, al ow constant current (1.18 mA g À1 )w as repeatedly applied for 1h (discharge/charge), followed by an interval of 1h to allow the system to reach an equilibrium state with respect to 1' '.F igure 3a shows the open-circuit voltages (OCVs) of the Li-battery cell, which reflect the equilibrium electrochemical potentials upon reduction of the Li x [{Ru 2 (2,3,5,6-F 4 PhCO 2 ) 4 } 2 (BTDA-TCNQ)]·2 (p-xylene) cathode during the Li-ion insertion process using GITT.T he voltage curve shows as lope that is dependent on the capacity,w hich indicates that the Li-ion insertion process for 1' ' is not at wophase-coexisting reaction with aflat voltage profile, [17] which is often expected for electron localized systems (see the Supporting Information). In Figure 3b Figure S7) indicates two-step reductions at approximately 2.9 Vand 2.4 Vv s. Li/Li + ,w hich correspond to A 0 !AC À and AC À !A 2À ,r espectively.B yc omparing these values with those of 1' ',i ti ndicates that the two distinct reduction potentials observed for 1' ' clearly correspond to the two stepwise reduction of BTDA-TCNQ.…”