A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea,Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars

Dartnall, Alan J.; Byrne, Maria; Collins, John D.; Hart, Michael W.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.359.1.1

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Our phylogenetic results and those of Waters et al (2004) support the suggestion of a biogeographic split between genera. These results are consistent with ongoing efforts to rediagnose genera of the Asterinidae into monophyletic clades (O'Loughlin et al 2002(O'Loughlin et al , 2003Dartnall et al 2003;Waters et al 2004). …”

Section: File # 06emsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Note that some species names have changed based on recent taxonomic and phylogenetic reanalyses (Dartnall et al 2003;Hart et al 2003;O'Loughlin et al 2003;Waters et al 2004). These sequence data include two closely related species formerly known as Patiriella pseudoexigua but recently reassigned to Cryptasterina gen. nov. (Dartnall et al 2003;Hart et al 2003): Cryptasterina n. sp. from Taiwan (U50051), and C. pacifica from Japan (U50057), formerly known as P. pseudoexigua pacifica (see Komatsu et al 1990;Clark 1993;Hart et al 2003).…”

Section: Mitochondrial Dna Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong character incongruence and character choice in phylogeny of sea stars of the Asterinidae

Hart

Johnson

Addison

et al. 2004

Invertebrate Biology

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Abstract. Historically, characters from early animal development have been a potentially rich source of phylogenetic information, but many traits associated with the gametes and larval stages of animals with complex life cycles are widely suspected to have evolved frequent convergent similarities. Such convergences will confound true phylogenetic relationships. We compared phylogenetic inferences based on early life history traits with those from mitochondrial DNA sequences for sea stars in the genera Asterina, Cryptasterina, and Patiriella (Valvatida: Asterinidae). Analysis of these two character sets produced phylogenies that shared few clades. We quantified the degree of homoplasy in each character set when mapped onto the phylogeny inferred from the alternative characters. The incongruence between early life history and nucleotide characters implies more homoplasy in the life history character set. We suggest that the early life history traits in this case are most likely to be misleading as phylogenetic characters because simple adaptive models predict convergence in early life histories. We show that adding early life history characters may slightly improve a phylogeny based on nucleotide sequences, but adding nucleotide characters may be critically important to improving inferences from phylogenies based on early life history characters.Additional key words: total evidence, modes of development, life history, mtDNA, AsteroideaThe choice of characters for use in phylogenetic analyses is an important and contentious issue in animal phylogenetics. Since Haeckel (1866), phenotypic characters from the earliest parts of the life cycle (such as the morphological forms of planktonic larvae) have been viewed as a potentially rich source of phylogenetic information. However, even in the early 20 th century, there was growing skepticism of the utility of early life history characters for tracing evolutionary relationships (e.g., Conklin 1928; Gould 1977). The subsequent growth of larval ecology as a research discipline led to renewed interest in the phylogenetic history of embryological and larval diversity, with a sharp focus on the study of early life history characters expressed during sexual reproduction or during larval development before metamorphosis to the adult form (McHugh & Rouse 1998). Molecular phylogenetic studies of taxa that include species with diverse early a Author for correspondence. E-mail: michael.hart@dal.ca b Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, SimonFraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada life histories have suggested the evolution of convergent similarities in early life history characters such as egg size, type of parental care, offspring dispersal ability, larval morphology, and fertilization ecology (Hart 2000). Many of these characters reflect functional adaptations of a complex life cycle in which individuals sequentially inhabit planktonic and benthic habitats: the similarities in character states could represent shared ancestral states as a result ...

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Section: File # 06emsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Mitochondrial Dna Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong character incongruence and character choice in phylogeny of sea stars of the Asterinidae

Hart

Johnson

Addison

et al. 2004

Invertebrate Biology

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“…These two species have adjacent geographical ranges: C. pentagona is found from Central Queensland, Australia, to further north in the Indo-Pacific; C. hystera is found to the south of this range, on a few beaches near Yeppoon in central Queensland and on One Tree Island off the Great Barrier Reef [27]. This latitudinal difference mirrors the geography of live-bearing in other asterinid lineages, in which viviparous species (especially Cryptasterina pacifica, Parvulastra vivipara, Asterina phylactica) have short geographical ranges at high latitudes on the margin of the distributions of their nonviviparous sister taxa in the same genera [24,25,30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinarily rapid life-history divergence between Cryptasterina sea star species

et al. 2012

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Life history plays a critical role in governing microevolutionary processes such as gene flow and adaptation, as well as macroevolutionary processes such speciation. Here, we use multilocus phylogeographic analyses to examine a speciation event involving spectacular life-history differences between sister species of sea stars. Cryptasterina hystera has evolved a suite of derived life-history traits (including internal self-fertilization and brood protection) that differ from its sister species Cryptasterina pentagona, a gonochoric broadcast spawner. We show that these species have only been reproductively isolated for approximately 6000 years (95% highest posterior density of 905-22 628), and that this life-history change may be responsible for dramatic genetic consequences, including low nucleotide diversity, zero heterozygosity and no gene flow. The rapid divergence of these species rules out some mechanisms of isolation such as adaptation to microhabitats in sympatry, or slow divergence by genetic drift during prolonged isolation. We hypothesize that the large phenotypic differences between species relative to the short divergence time suggests that the lifehistory differences observed may be direct responses to disruptive selection between populations. We speculate that local environmental or demographic differences at the southern range margin are possible mechanisms of selection driving one of the fastest known marine speciation events.

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“…It occurs commonly in intertidal communities of the southern hemisphere. The morphology, biology, taxonomy and distribution of this and closely related species, have been well studied (Clarke 1974;Byrne & Barker 1991;Byrne & Cerra 1996, 2000Dartnall et al 2003;Waters & Roy 2004;Hart et al 2006). Being a grazer (Jackson et al 2009;Pillay et al 2010) and not carnivorous like many other sea stars, P. exigua is in close contact with the sediment and the possibility therefore exists that it could effectively accumulate heavy metals from this source and be directly affected by them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

Reinecke

2014

African Zoology

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The cushion sea star Parvalustra exigua from five sites along the shore of False Bay on the southern coast of South Africa was studied using two cellular biomarkers, the neutral red retention assay (NRR) and the lysosomal destabilization assay (DI) to assess damage in the coelomocytes in response to metals. This was compared to pollution levels using a pollution load index (PLI) calculated for metals present. Laboratory exposures to cadmium were done to verify biomarker responses. The PLIs for the sites correlated with the levels of anthropogenic activities and effluent inflow. The highest pollution was at Muizenberg, with human habitation on the shore level, a fishing harbour and informal settlements. These specimens had shorter NRR times, indicating more damage than those from sites with lower pollution. The DI results also correlated with pollution levels. This study provided evidence that P. exigua has potential for monitoring environmental pollution, using biomarkers, especially in southern coastal areas due to its distribution.

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A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea,Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Strong character incongruence and character choice in phylogeny of sea stars of the Asterinidae

Strong character incongruence and character choice in phylogeny of sea stars of the Asterinidae

Extraordinarily rapid life-history divergence between Cryptasterina sea star species

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

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