“…Different membrane module types can be investigated as long as the investigated membrane area is larger than the sensor surface. UTDR has therefore already been applied to a broad variety of modules, including flat-sheet [86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94], tubular [95] hollow fiber [96,97,98,99] and even spiral wound [100,101] membrane modules. Depending on the frequency, some ultrasonic waves are unavoidably attenuated by the module housing before they arrive at the interface of interest.…”