A New UPLC-qTOF Approach for Elucidating Furan and 2-Methylfuran Metabolites in Human Urine Samples after Coffee Consumption

Abstract

We have investigated urine samples after coffee consumption using targeted and untargeted approaches to identify furan and 2-methylfuran metabolites in urine samples by UPLC-qToF. The aim was to establish a fast, robust, and time-saving method involving ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-qToF-MS/MS). The developed method detected previously reported metabolites, such as Lys-BDA, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal or in vitro studies. The developed UPLC-qToF method detected previously reported metabolites, such as lysine-cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (Lys-BDA) adducts, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal and in vitro studies. In sum, the UPLC-qToF approach provides additional information that may be valuable in future human or animal intervention studies.

Systematic Review: Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to the Volatile Metabolic Fingerprint of Colorectal Neoplasia

“…Their origin could lie within host Maillard reactions [ 132 ]. The involvement of both groups of compounds is highly speculative as their origin could also be derived from plant-based diets or smoking and coffee consumption, respectively [ 133 , 134 ].…”

Chemical Analysis, Toxicity Study, and Free-Radical Scavenging and Iron-Binding Assays Involving Coffee (Coffea arabica) Extracts

“…In addition, UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of the clinical specimens obtained from selected coffee consumers has indicated the appearance of CF, methylxanthines and methyluric acids in the plasma, along with eleven methylxanthine and methyluricacid metabolites, furan and methylfuran metabolites in the urine. These were mainly found in the form of sulfate, methyl derivatives, glucuronides and un-metabolized CQAs, FQAs, CoQAs, CA, ferulic acid and coumaric acids [ 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

A comprehensive review of furan in foods: From dietary exposures and in vivo metabolism to mitigation measures

“…Furan metabolism via the binding of BDA with (a) GSH and/or biogenic amines, (b) amino acids, and (c) nucleosides (adapted from EFSA, 2017; Hamberger et al., 2010; Kellert et al., 2008; Lu & Peterson, 2010; Peterson et al., 2011; Stegmüller et al., 2020). BDA, cis ‐2‐butene‐1,4‐dial; Cys, Glu, Gly, and Lys: cysteine, glutamate, glycine, and lysine; dAdo, 2′‐deoxyadenosine; dCyd,2′‐deoxycytidine; dGuo, 2′‐deoxyguanosine; GSH, glutathione; NAcCys: N ‐acetylcysteine; NAcLys: N ‐acetyllysine…”

“…Subsequently, cyclic GSH‐BDA was detected in the hepatocytes of rats, mice, and humans, the bile of rats, and urine of rats and humans (Gates et al., 2014; Hamberger et al., 2010; Karlstetter & Mally, 2020; Kellert et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009; Peterson et al. 2006, 2011; Stegmüller et al., 2020), whereas no bis‐GSH‐BDA adducts were present in the urine or bile.…”

“…BDA has reported reactivity toward the side chain amino group of lysine, forming lysine‐BDA (Lys‐BDA) excreted through urine (Grill et al., 2015; Stegmüller et al., 2020). This Lys‐BDA adduct can undergo further N ‐acetylation to generate NAcLys‐BDA, which reportedly exists in the hepatocytes of rats, mice, and humans, as well as in the urine of rats and humans (Figure 6b) (Chen et al., 1997; Gates et al., 2014; Grill et al., 2015; Karlstetter & Mally, 2020; Kellert et al., 2008; Stegmüller et al., 2020).…”