A new type of polymer carbon dots with high quantum yield: From synthesis to investigation on fluorescence mechanism

Tao, Songyuan; Song, Yubin; Zhu, Shoujun; Shao, Jieren; Yang, Bai

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.039

Cited by 130 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…In other words, the CDs possessed subfluorophores (which are groups such as CO, CN, and CO) that could be enhanced by chemical crosslinking or physical immobilization of polymer chains (also known as the crosslink‐enhanced emission (CEE) effect). By observation, the synthesized CDs were similar to CEE‐type polymer CDs,33 and the vibration and rotation of the subfluorophore were immobilized and restricted, eventually leading to the efficient radiative transition 35. Thus, CDs are more easily excited to achieve strong emission and quantum efficiency.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Visible‐Light‐Excited Ultralong‐Lifetime Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots for Double Anticounterfeiting

Gao

Zhang

Shuang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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of RTP materials with excellent properties is always a challenge, and this can be attributed to the spin-forbidden nature of triplet exciton transitions. Till now, RTP materials mainly include metal complexes and pure organic compounds, [6] which have several disadvantages such as high cost, high toxicity, and complicated preparation process. Also, the commonly reported RTP materials can be excited only under ultraviolet light, and their excitation spectrum under the ultraviolet region is not convenient for certain applications. Contrary to ultraviolet light, visible light is safer to use and can penetrate deeper into biological analysis and imaging; hence easily used in practical applications. Besides, visible light is more superior than ultraviolet light and has received widespread applications. [7] Thus, enormous efforts have been devoted to discovering novel RTP materials that can be excited by visible light. Currently, only a few visible-light-induced phosphorescent materials [8] have been implemented.As one of the most popular nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have attracted much interest because of their low toxicity, excellent optical performance, high light stability, and environmental friendliness. [9] They are widely applied in biological imaging, [10] securing documents, [11] and in light-emitting devices. [3] Moreover, CDs are effective optical URTP materials which makes them very attractive in anticounterfeiting. Zhao and co-workers [12] pioneered the RTP of CDs by introducing a polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) as a protective matrix, and the CDs were used successfully for securing documents. Since then, RTP materials have been developed from CDs dispersed into polyurethane, [13] silica gel, [14] polymer composite matrix (urea and biuret), [15] KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·xH 2 O, [16] and NaCl hybrid crystals, [17] which were mainly applied in the field of document security. Recently, Liu et al. [18] and Lin et al. [19] designed a matrix-free RTP of NCDs. The synthesized CDs act as both a solidified host and a luminescent object in a solid-state without introducing an additional support matrix. Also, Dong et al. constructed a novel, matrix-free NCDs based on a one-step high-temperature polymerization method that binds a polyaspartic acid chain to the NCDs surface, and further designed it for safe inks. [20] These construction strategies overcame the complicated synthesis process of screening dispersion media and extended the utilization Visible light is ubiquitous and safer than ultraviolet light; however, synthesizing ultralong-lifetime room temperature phosphorescent (URTP) carbon dots (CDs) with visible-light excitation remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an easy and fast method for synthesizing visiblelight-excited URTP CDs is devised. The synthesized CDs have URTP lifetime of 1.51 s which is a relatively long life RTP lifetime ever reported. Furthermore, it is revealed that the dense core of CDs, the formation of long-chain polymers on the surface, and the presence of hydrogen bond skeleton play a crucial ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Visible‐Light‐Excited Ultralong‐Lifetime Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots for Double Anticounterfeiting

Gao

Zhang

Shuang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…c) CPDs with a highly dehydrated crosslinking and close‐knit polymer frame structure core: 1) representation of a CPD; 2) the TEM image of the CPDs. c) Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, Elsevier.…”

Section: Structural and Optical Properties Of Cpdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Synthesis of Carbon Dots: From Carbon Dots to Carbonized Polymer Dots

et al. 2019

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Despite the various synthesis methods to obtain carbon dots (CDs), the bottom‐up methods are still the most widely administrated route to afford large‐scale and low‐cost synthesis. However, as CDs are developed with increasing reports involved in producing many CDs, the structure and property features have changed enormously compared with the first generation of CDs, raising classification concerns. To this end, a new classification of CDs, named carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), is summarized according to the analysis of structure and property features. Here, CPDs are revealed as an emerging class of CDs with distinctive polymer/carbon hybrid structures and properties. Furthermore, deep insights into the effects of synthesis on the structure/property features of CDs are provided. Herein, the synthesis methods of CDs are also summarized in detail, and the effects of synthesis conditions of the bottom‐up methods in terms of the structures and properties of CPDs are discussed and analyzed comprehensively. Insights into formation process and nucleation mechanism of CPDs are also offered. Finally, a perspective of the future development of CDs is proposed with critical insights into facilitating their potential in various application fields.

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“…In our earlier studies, we confirmed the important role of crosslinking in nonconjugated PCDs that only possess subfluorophores (such as C=O, C=N, N=O), and proposed the crosslink enhanced emission, (CEE) effect as the origin of enhanced PL. Here, CEE effect is also deemed to be responsible for the generation of RTP in PCDs, which could provide a basis to design materials with such properties.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Metal‐Free Polymer Carbon Dots: A New Class of Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials

Tao

Geng

et al. 2018

Angewandte Chemie

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Polymer carbon dots (PCDs) are proposed as a new class of room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials. The abundant energy levels in PCDs increase the probability of intersystem crossing (ISC) and their covalently crosslinked framework structures greatly suppress the nonradiative transitions. The efficient methods allow the manufacture of PCDs with unique RTP properties in air without additional metal complexation or complicated matrix composition. They thus provide a route towards the rational design of metal‐free RTP materials that may be synthesized easily. Furthermore, we find that RTP is associated with a crosslink‐enhanced emission (CEE) effect, which provides further routes to design improved PCDs with diverse RTP performance. Our results show the potential of PCDs as a universal route to achieve effective metal‐free RTP.

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A new type of polymer carbon dots with high quantum yield: From synthesis to investigation on fluorescence mechanism

Cited by 130 publications

References 39 publications

Visible‐Light‐Excited Ultralong‐Lifetime Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots for Double Anticounterfeiting

Visible‐Light‐Excited Ultralong‐Lifetime Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots for Double Anticounterfeiting

Evolution and Synthesis of Carbon Dots: From Carbon Dots to Carbonized Polymer Dots

Design of Metal‐Free Polymer Carbon Dots: A New Class of Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials

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