A new toxodont from the Late Miocene of Catamarca, Argentina, and a phylogenetic analysis of the Toxodontidae

Nasif, Norma; Musalem, Sebastían; Cerdeño, Esperanza

doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0591:antftl]2.0.co;2

Cited by 43 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Toxodontids diversified during the Cenozoic and presented the richest diversity in the Miocene (Cifelli 1985;Marshall and Cifelli 1990;Nassif et al 2000). During the Early and Middle Miocene, toxodontids were represented by Nesodon imbricatus, N. conspurcatus, N. cornutus (Santacrucian SALMA in Argentina and Chile); Adinotherium ovinum and A. robustum (Santacrucian SALMA in Argentina); Proadinotherium muensteri (Colhuehuapian SALMA in Argentina); Palyeidodon obtusum (Friasian s.s. and Colloncuran SALMAs in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile), Hyperoxotodon speciosus (Santacrucian-Colloncuran SALMAs in Argentina and Chile), and Pericotoxodon platignathus (Laventan SALMA in Colombia) (e.g., Pascual 1954;Marshall et al 1983;Madden 1990Nassif et al 2000;Croft et al 2003Croft et al , 2004Croft et al , 2009Kramarz et al 2005;Croft 2007). In addition, Quebrada Honda (Laventan SALMA in Bolivia) produced material that was referred to cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina

Forasiepi

Cerdeño

Bond³

et al. 2014

Paläontol Z

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina

Forasiepi

Cerdeño

Bond³

et al. 2014

Paläontol Z

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“…Previous analyses of notoun-gulate interrelationships have relied primarily on dental, external cranial and limited postcranial characters (e.g. Cifelli, 1993;Madden, 1997;Shockey, 1997;Cerdeño & Bond, 1998;Nasif et al 2000;Croft et al 2004;Flynn et al 2005;Croft & Anaya, 2006;Hitz et al 2006;Billet et al 2009;Billet, 2010Billet, , 2011Shockey et al 2012). Features of the skull interior have been sampled sparsely in previous analyses of notoungulates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of notoungulate (Placentalia, Mammalia) bony labyrinths and new phylogenetically informative inner ear characters

Macrini

Flynn

et al. 2013

Journal of Anatomy

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The phylogenetic relationships of notoungulates, an extinct group of predominantly South American herbivores, remain poorly resolved with respect to both other placental mammals and among one another. Most previous phylogenetic analyses of notoungulates have not included characters of the internal cranium, not least because few such features, including the bony labyrinth, have been described for members of the group. Here we describe the inner ears of the notoungulates Altitypotherium chucalensis (Mesotheriidae), Pachyrukhos moyani (Hegetotheriidae) and Cochilius sp. (Interatheriidae) based on reconstructions of bony labyrinths obtained from computed tomography imagery. Comparisons of the bony labyrinths of these taxa with the basally diverging notoungulate Notostylops murinus (Notostylopidae), an isolated petrosal from Itabora ı, Brazil, referred to Notoungulata, and six therian outgroups, yielded an inner ear character matrix of 25 potentially phylogenetically informative characters, 14 of them novel to this study. Two equivocally optimized character states potentially support a pairing of Mesotheriidae and Hegetotheriidae, whereas four others may be diagnostic of Notoungulata. Three additional characters are potentially informative for diagnosing more inclusive clades: one for crown Placentalia; another for a clade containing Kulbeckia, Zalambdalestes, and Placentalia; and a third for Eutheria (crown Placentalia plus stem taxa). Several other characters are apomorphic for at least one notoungulate in our study and are of potential interest for broader taxonomic sampling within Notoungulata to clarify currently enigmatic interrelationships. Measures of the semicircular canals were used to infer agility (e.g. capable of quick movements vs. lethargic movements) of these taxa. Agility scores calculated from these data generally corroborate interpretations based on postcranial remains of these or closely related species. We provide estimates of the lowfrequency hearing limits in notoungulates based on the ratio of radii of the apical and basal turns of the cochlea. These limits range from 15 Hz in Notostylops to 149 Hz in Pachyrukhos, values comparable to the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) when hearing in air, respectively.

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“…Los Typotheria se conforman de las familias Oldfieldthomasiidae Simpson 1945 (Paleoceno SuperiorEoceno Superior), Archeopitheciidae Ameghino 1897 (Paleoceno Tardío-Eoceno Medio), Archeohyracidae Ameghino 1897 (Eoceno-Mioceno Temprano), Interatheriidae Simpson 1945 (subfamilias Notopithecinae e Interatheriinae) (Paleoceno Tardío-Mioceno Superior), Mesotheriidae Alston 1876 (subfamilias Trachytheriinae y Mesotheriinae) (Oligoceno tardío-Pleistoceno temprano) y Hegetotheriidae Ameghino 1894 (subfamilias Hegetotheriinae y Pachyrukhinae) (Oligoceno tardío-Plioceno). Se reconocen al menos 108 géneros para el Orden (Paula Couto, 1979;Cifelli, 1993;Shockey, 1997;Villarroel y Danis, 1997;Nasif et al, 2000;Reguero et al, 2003;Croft et al, 2003;Reguero y Castro, 2004); en la figura 1 se mencionan los considerados en este trabajo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estimación de la masa corporal en géneros del Orden Notoungulata

Elissamburu¹

2011

Estud. geol.

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RESUMENLos Notoungulata son un grupo de mamíferos fósiles ampliamente diversos y sin representantes vivientes. Prácticamente no se disponen de estimaciones de la masa corporal para la mayoría de los géneros incluidos en este Orden, ni de un método objetivo para seleccionar los estimadores de masa. El objetivo del trabajo es estimar la masa corporal de los representantes del Orden Notoungulata y reconocer cuales son las mejores ecuaciones predictivas para tal fin, respecto a cada taxón en particular, a cada familia y al Orden en general. Se incluyen 535 ejemplares fósiles correspondientes a 50 géneros del orden. La masa corporal de cada género se estima sobre la base de 24 ecuaciones alométricas construidas en mamíferos vivientes, basadas en 19 medidas del esqueleto apendicular y tres medidas dentarias tomadas con calibre digital. El intervalo de masa corporal dado por los valores estimados para el orden se encuentra entre 0,57 kg en Archaeophylus (Interatheriidae) y 3797 Kg en Mixotoxodon (Toxodontidae), lo que refleja la gran diversidad de tamaños corporales que caracteriza al grupo. Los menores tamaños se dan en las familias Notostylopidae, Oldfieldthomasiidae, Archaeopithecidae, Interatheriidae, Archaeohyracidae y Hegetotheriidae; tamaños intermedios en los Notohippidae, Isotemnidae y Mesotheriidae y tamaños grandes en Homalodotheriidae. En los Leontiniidae y Toxodontidae los tamaños van de intermedios a grandes, siendo esta última la de mayor variación de masa y con los taxones de mayor tamaño. En comparación con los ungulados holárticos, los notoungulados presentan un intervalo más amplio y variable de masa corporal hacia las formas de menor tamaño y con mayor variedad funcional en las extremidades.Palabras clave: Ecuaciones alométricas. Estimación de masa corporal. Notoungulata. ABSTRACTThe Notoungulata are a highly diverse group of fossil mammals with no living relatives. Virtually no body mass estimations are available for most of the genera in this order, and there is no objective method to select body mass estimators. The goal of this work is to estimate the body mass of Notoungulata taxa and detect the best predictive equations for this purpose, for each genera and family and for the order as a whole. A total of 535 fossil specimens from 50 genera are included. For each genus, body mass is estimated through 24 allometric equations calculated using 19 appendicular skeleton measurements and three dental measurements of extant mammals, taken with digital caliper. According to estimated values, the body mass interval for the order ranges from 0.57 kg in Archaeophylus (Interatheriidae) to 3797 Kg in Mixotoxodon (Toxodontidae), reflecting the great body size diversity characteristic of the group. The smallest sizes occur in the families Notostylopidae, Oldfieldthomasiidae, Archaeopithecidae, Interatheriidae, Archaeohyracidae and Hegetotheriidae; intermediate sizes among the Notohippidae, Isotemnidae and Mesotheriidae, and large sizes among the Homalodotheriidae. In the Leontiniidae and Toxodontidae, sizes r...

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A new toxodont from the Late Miocene of Catamarca, Argentina, and a phylogenetic analysis of the Toxodontidae

Cited by 43 publications

References 5 publications

New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina

New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina

Comparative study of notoungulate (Placentalia, Mammalia) bony labyrinths and new phylogenetically informative inner ear characters

Estimación de la masa corporal en géneros del Orden Notoungulata

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