A new toolbox to distinguish the sources of spatial memory error

Grogan, John P; Fallon, Sean James; Zokaei, Nahid; Coulthard, Elizabeth; Manohar, Sanjay

doi:10.31234/osf.io/q57fm

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This model has been so far very successful in identifying sources of error in memory tasks that use reproduction of one dimensional features such as orientation, colour or motion 32,37 . Recently, this has been adapted for 2 dimensional features such as location in the MemToolbox 2D package 33 . The model is descried by the following equation:ˆP where the free parameters of α, β, γ, and κ, correspond to proportion of target responses, swaps, guesses and the concentration of a 2D bivariate Gaussian distribution (with zero covariance) respectively.…”

Section: Oxford Memory Test (Omt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these shortcomings and to investigate the existence of a potential cognitive advantage associated with APOE ε4 gene across ageing, we examined the largest cohort of genotyped individuals to be tested on a highly sensitive test of STM. The task, previously shown to detect subtle changes in performance in healthy ageing and in APOE ε4 gene carriers in small sample sizes, is a more sensitive measure of memory compared to classical neuropsychological assessments 31 and also allows separating out the different kinds of error that people make 32,33 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This model has been extensively applied to one dimensional features such as orientation, motion or colour 32,[37][38][39] . Here, we applied an extension of this model to the two-dimensional feature of spatial location 33 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Short-term memory advantage for brief durations in human APOE ε4 carriers

Zokaei

Grogan

Fallon

et al. 2020

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The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 gene allele, the highest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, has paradoxically been well preserved in the human population. One possible explanation offered by evolutionary biology for survival of deleterious genes is antagonistic pleiotropy. This theory proposes that such genetic variants might confer an advantage, even earlier in life when humans are also reproductively fit. The results of some small-cohort studies have raised the possibility of such a pleiotropic effect for the ε4 allele in short-term memory (STM) but the findings have been inconsistent. Here, we tested STM performance in a large cohort of individuals (N = 1277); nine hundred and fiftynine of which included carrier and non-carriers of the APOE ε4 gene, those at highest risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. We first confirm that this task is sensitive to subtle deterioration in memory performance across ageing. Importantly, individuals carrying the APOE ε4 gene actually exhibited a significant memory advantage across all ages, specifically for brief retention periods but crucially not for longer durations. Together, these findings present the strongest evidence to date for a gene having an antagonistic pleiotropy effect on human cognitive function across a wide age range, and hence provide an explanation for the survival of the APOE ε4 allele in the gene pool. The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 gene allele is the highest known genetic risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) 1. Approximately 45% of carriers of the gene develop AD by the age of 85 years, compared to 10% of non-carriers 1. It is not surprising therefore that much research has focused on seeking to identify early biomarkers related to the development of AD in ε4 carriers 2-13. But why has this genetic allele, which has such obvious detrimental effects in old-age, been preserved in the human population world-wide? One possible explanation is rooted in a concept that has emerged in evolutionary biology 14. The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis proposes that some genetic alleles have different effects on the fitness of an organism at different ages. Therefore, a genetic allele, such as APOE ε4, which confers a disadvantage later in life, might instead provide an advantage, even earlier in life, hence ensuring its survival. Because the power of natural selection to disfavour a genetic allele wanes later in reproductive life, when an animal has less likelihood of passing on its genes, disadvantages in older age have minimal consequences on the survival of a genetic variant. Although there has been little investigation of a potential early advantage in human carriers of the APOE ε4 gene, several authors have argued for the existence of such an advantage, specifically when it comes to brain function 15-17. A few studies on small cohorts have presented mixed evidence for a possible cognitive advantage in young and middle-aged APOE ε4 gene carriers. In children and young adults, better performance on neuropsychological measures of att...

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Section: Oxford Memory Test (Omt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Short-term memory advantage for brief durations in human APOE ε4 carriers

Zokaei

Grogan

Fallon

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Therefore, instead of solely asking participants to report whether they remember a feature, here they were also requested to reproduce the exact quality of the remembered feature in an analogue response space ( Bays, Catalao, & Husain, 2009 ; Gorgoraptis, Catalao, Bays, & Husain, 2011 ; Pertzov, Dong, Peich, & Husain, 2012 ). This method also allowed us to model the source of errors in terms of noisiness or imprecision of recall of the probed item or target, misbinding (reporting the features of a non-probed item that had been presented in the encoding display) and random guessing ( Bays et al, 2009 ; Grogan, Fallon, Zokaei, Husain, & Manohar, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory

et al. 2021

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There has been surprisingly little examination of how recall performance is affected by processing demands induced by retrieval cues, how manipulations at encoding interact with processing demands during maintenance or due to the retrieval cue, and how these are affected with aging. Here, we investigate these relationships by examining the fidelity of working memory recall across two delayed reproduction tasks with a continuous measure of report across the adult lifespan. Participants were asked to remember and subsequently reproduce from memory the identity and location of a probed item from the encoding display. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of filtering irrelevant information at encoding and the impact of filtering distracting information at retrieval simultaneously. In Experiment 2, we tested how ignoring distracting information during maintenance or updating current contents with new information during this period affects recall. The results reveal that manipulating processing requirements induced by retrieval cues (by altering the nature of the retrieval foil) had a significant impact on memory recall: the presence of two previously viewed features from the encoding display in the retrieval foil led to a decrease in identification accuracy. Although irrelevant information can be filtered out well at encoding, both ignoring irrelevant information and updating the contents of memory during the maintenance delay had a detrimental effect on recall. These effects were similar across the lifespan, but older individuals were particularly affected by manipulations of processing demands at encoding as well as increasing set size of information to be retained in memory. Finally, analyses revealed that there were no systematic relationships between filtering performance at encoding, maintenance and retrieval suggesting that these processing demands are independent of each other. Rather than filtering being a single, monolithic entity, the data suggest that it is better accounted for as distinctly dissociable cognitive processes that engage and articulate with different phases of working memory.

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A new toolbox to distinguish the sources of spatial memory error

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Short-term memory advantage for brief durations in human APOE ε4 carriers

Short-term memory advantage for brief durations in human APOE ε4 carriers

Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory

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