A new thermal conductivity model for nanorod-based nanofluids

Toward TiO2 Nanofluids—Part 2: Applications and Challenges

“…And it has been validated for water and EG-based TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 nanofluids.Wei et al [81]2017100( k nf  −  k nf )/ k f  = 0.443 + 2.636 φ It is a linear fit of the measured values for diathermic oil-based TiO 2 nanofluids. Applied range: φ  < 1%.Pryazhnikov et al [82]2017 It is a fitted expression based on the measured values for 150 nm particles of TiO 2 .Yang et al [75]2017 where k x and k z are the effective thermal conductivity in radial and axial directions, respectively.This model considered the particle aspect ratio and has been validated for cylindrical TiO 2 and Bi2Te3 nanofluids.Yang et al [72]2017  where  This model considered the interfacial layer and particle shape and has been validated for rod-like TiO 2 and Bi2Te3 nanofluids. …”

A comprehensive review on heat transfer characteristics of TiO2 nanofluids

“…The classical models mainly considered the influences of nanoparticle's concentration and the thermal conductivity of the particles and base fluid, such as Maxwell model [49], Bruggeman model [51] etc. Other factors such as particle shape [61], Brownian motion, nanoparticles' aggregation [62] or clustering [63] and interfacial layer [64] between particle and liquid are also considered in the some other theoretical studies. Those models in Table 3 are mainly used for the spherical particles or nanotube based nanofluids and a few models are proposed specifically for CNTs nanofluids.…”

A review on molten-salt-based and ionic-liquid-based nanofluids for medium-to-high temperature heat transfer

“…Yamada et al [62] proposed a model for CNT NFs and considered the effect of radius and length of CNTs. Yang et al [63] proposed a thermal conductivity model for nanorod NFs by allocating the proportion of two intermediate thermal conductivities in the axial and radial directions according to the surface area ratio of the flanks and ends of the nanorod, and the interfacial layer was also considered in this model. The above models to predict k are shown in Table 1.…”