“…In particular, a significant number of species have been detected in various extreme habitats, such as thermal springs, Antarctic lakes, and hypersaline or highly acidic habitats (Amaral-Zettler et al, 2002Murtagh et al, 2002;Garstecki et al, 2005;Park et al, 2007Park et al, , 2009Baumgartner et al, 2009;De Jonckheere et al, 2009, 2011aPark & Simpson, 2011). Ten species of obligately anaerobic/microaerophilic heteroloboseids have been described so far (Perty, 1852;Ruinen, 1938;Broers et al, 1990Broers et al, , 1993Smirnov & Fenchel, 1996;O'Kelly et al, 2003;Brugerolle & Simpson, 2004;Pánek et al, 2012).…”