A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation

Evans, Ben; Carter, Timothy F.; Tobias, Martha L.; Kelley, Darcy B.; Hanner, Robert; Tinsley, R. C.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1780.1.2

Cited by 29 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…To test whether this is the case in African clawed frogs, we reviewed data on snout vent length (SVL) for the single phase callers (Table 1; including data from Kobel et al, 1996; Evans et al, 2008, 2011) and calculated the correlation coefficient between body length and both dominant frequencies. We found no significant correlation between SVL and DF1 ( r = 0.033, p = 0.9, N = 20) or DF2 ( r = 0.19, p = 0.45, N = 18; Pearson correlation).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…new tetraploid 1 and X . new tetraploid, have not yet been described and two, X. itombwensis and X. lenduensis , represent recent discoveries (Evans et al, 2008, 2011). Advertisement calls from 18 species have been published previously and our data agree with respect to call type for 13 of these (Vigny, 1979; Wetzel & Kelley, 1983; Fischer et al, 2000); for three species (Vigny, 1979), the reported waveforms are not detailed enough to compare call type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of advertisement calls in African clawed frogs

Tobias¹,

Evans²,

Kelley³

2011

Behav

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126

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Summary For most frogs, advertisement calls are essential for reproductive success, conveying information on species identity, male quality, sexual state and location. While the evolutionary divergence of call characters has been examined in a number of species, the relative impacts of genetic drift or natural and sexual selection remain unclear. Insights into the evolutionary trajectory of vocal signals can be gained by examining how advertisement calls vary in a phylogenetic context. Evolution by genetic drift would be supported if more closely related species express more similar songs. Conversely, a poor correlation between evolutionary history and song expression would suggest evolution shaped by natural or sexual selection. Here, we measure seven song characters in 20 described and two undescribed species of African clawed frogs (genera Xenopus and Silurana) and four populations of X. laevis. We identify three call types — click, burst and trill — that can be distinguished by click number, call rate and intensity modulation. A fourth type is biphasic, consisting of two of the above. Call types vary in complexity from the simplest, a click, to the most complex, a biphasic call. Maximum parsimony analysis of variation in call type suggests that the ancestral type was of intermediate complexity. Each call type evolved independently more than once and call type is typically not shared by closely related species. These results indicate that call type is homoplasious and has low phylogenetic signal. We conclude that the evolution of call type is not due to genetic drift, but is under selective pressure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of advertisement calls in African clawed frogs

Tobias¹,

Evans²,

Kelley³

2011

Behav

Self Cite

126

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“…The Itombwe Plateau harbors an unusually large number of endemic amphibians (Greenbaum and Kusamba, 2012), including recent species descriptions for Xenopus itombwensis (Evans et al, 2008) and Leptopelis anebos (Portillo and Greenbaum, 2014a). Haplotypes from Amietia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many threatened and endemic species reside within the AR (Plumptre et al, 2007; Jenkins et al, 2013; Portillo et al, 2015), making it one of the most irreplaceable and important sites for conservation in Africa (Brooks et al, 2006). Many vertebrate species in the AR are morphologically cryptic and endemic to a small number of sites, including small mammals (Kerbis Peterhans et al, 2010; Demos et al, 2014), birds (Prigogine, 1971, 1977, 1978, 1984, 1985; Bowie et al, 2006), reptiles (Greenbaum et al, 2011, 2015a; Menegon et al, 2014) and amphibians (Laurent, 1964, 1972; Evans et al, 2008, 2011; Greenbaum and Kusamba, 2012; Portillo and Greenbaum, 2014a,b; Portillo et al, 2015). Viertel et al (2012) recently described tadpole morphology and chytrid fungal infections in a Ugandan population of A. ruwenzorica , but no previous studies have assessed AR Amietia populations with molecular data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history of the river frog genus Amietia (Anura: Pyxicephalidae) reveals extensive diversification in Central African highlands

Larson

Castro

Behangana

et al. 2016

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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The African river frog genus Amietia is found near rivers and other lentic water sources throughout central, eastern, and southern Africa. Because the genus includes multiple morphologically conservative species, taxonomic studies of river frogs have been relatively limited. We sampled 79 individuals of Amietia from multiple localities in and near the Albertine Rift (AR) of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. We utilized single-gene (16S) and concatenated (12S, 16S, cyt b and RAG1) gene-tree analyses and coalescent species-tree analyses to construct phylogenetic trees. Two divergence dating approaches were used in BEAST, including secondary calibration points with 12S, 16S, cyt b and RAG1, and a molecular clock with the 12S, 16S, and cyt b genes. All analyses recovered Amietia as monophyletic with strong support, and revealed several well-supported cryptic lineages, which is consistent with other recent phylogeography studies of AR amphibians. Dating estimates were similar, and Amietia diversification is coincident with global cooling and aridification events in the Miocene and Pliocene, respectively. Our results suggest additional taxonomic work is needed to describe multiple new species of AR Amietia, some of which have limited geographic distributions that are likely to be of conservation concern.

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“…In anurans, approximately 56 cases of polyploidy have been described in species, populations, and as spontaneously originated polyploid individuals [5-12]. Although the tetraploidy (4x) is relatively common, cases of octoploidy (8x) and even dodecaploidy (12x) have been well documented, such as in the Xenopus species [13,14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytogenetic analysis of Phyllomedusa distincta Lutz, 1950 (2n = 2x = 26), P. tetraploidea Pombal and Haddad, 1992 (2n = 4x = 52), and their natural triploid hybrids (2n = 3x = 39) (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundNatural polyploidy has played an important role during the speciation and evolution of vertebrates, including anurans, with more than 55 described cases. The species of the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri group are mostly characterized by having 26 chromosomes, but a karyotype with 52 chromosomes was described in P. tetraploidea. This species was found in sintopy with P. distincta in two localities of São Paulo State (Brazil), where triploid animals also occur, as consequence of natural hybridisation. We analyse the chromosomes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and their triploid hybrids, to enlighten the origin of polyploidy and to obtain some evidence on diploidisation of tetraploid karyotype.ResultsPhyllomedusa distincta was 2n = 2x = 26, whereas P. tetraploidea was 2n = 4x = 52, and the hybrid individuals was 2n = 3x = 39. In meiotic phases, bivalents were observed in the diploid males, whereas both bivalents and tetravalents were observed in the tetraploid males. Univalents, bivalents or trivalents; metaphase II cells carrying variable number of chromosomes; and spermatids were detected in the testis preparations of the triploid males, indicating that the triploids were not completely sterile. In natural and experimental conditions, the triploids cross with the parental species, producing abnormal egg clutches and tadpoles with malformations. The embryos and tadpoles exhibited intraindividual karyotype variability and all of the metaphases contained abnormal constitutions. Multiple NORs, detected by Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe, were observed on chromosome 1 in the three karyotypic forms; and, additionally, on chromosome 9 in the diploids, mostly on chromosome 8 in the tetraploids, and on both chromosome 8 and 9 in the triploids. Nevertheless, NOR-bearing chromosome 9 was detected in the tetraploids, and chromosome 9 carried active or inactive NORs in the triploids. C-banding, base-specific fluorochrome stainings with CMA3 and DAPI, FISH with a telomeric probe, and BrdU incorporation in DNA showed nearly equivalent patterns in the karyotypes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and the triploid hybrids.ConclusionsAll the used cytogenetic techniques have provided strong evidence that the process of diploidisation, an essential step for stabilising the selective advantages produced by polyploidisation, is under way in distinct quartets of the tetraploid karyotype.

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A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Evolution of advertisement calls in African clawed frogs

Evolution of advertisement calls in African clawed frogs

Evolutionary history of the river frog genus Amietia (Anura: Pyxicephalidae) reveals extensive diversification in Central African highlands

Cytogenetic analysis of Phyllomedusa distincta Lutz, 1950 (2n = 2x = 26), P. tetraploidea Pombal and Haddad, 1992 (2n = 4x = 52), and their natural triploid hybrids (2n = 3x = 39) (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)

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