A New Species and New Records of <i>Cyphostemma</i> (Vitaceae) from China and Vietnam Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

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Vitaceae (the grape family) consist of 16 genera and ca. 950 species primarily distributed in tropical regions. The family is well-known for the economic importance of grapes, and is also ecologically significant with many species as dominant climbers in tropical and temperate forests. Recent phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses of sequence data from all three genomes have supported five major clades within Vitaceae: (i) the clade of Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Rhoicissus, and Clematicissus; (ii) the Cissus clade; (iii) the clade of Cayratia, Causonis, Cyphostemma, Pseudocayratia, Tetrastigma, and an undescribed genus "Afrocayratia"; (iv) the clade of Parthenocissus and Yua; and (v) the grape genus Vitis and its close tropical relatives Ampelocissus, Pterisanthes and Nothocissus, with Nothocissus and Pterisanthes nested within Ampelocissus. Based on the phylogenetic and morphological (mostly inflorescence, floral and seed characters) evidence, the new classification places the 950 species and 16 genera into five tribes: (i)

Section: Phylogenetic Tribal Classification Of Vitaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phylogenetic Tribal Classification Of Vitaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae)

Wen

Nie

et al. 2018

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“…Cyphostemma has a much higher species richness (ca. 200 species), mostly from Africa, with three species extending to Asia (Wen, 2007; Trias‐Blasi et al, 2012; Dang et al, 2017; Hearn et al, 2018). The crown age of Cyphostemma is inferred to the Oligocene (22.09 Ma; 95% HPD, 19.72–35.56 Ma; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Afrocayratia, a new genus of Vitaceae from continental Africa and Madagascar

Rabarijaona

Dang

Parmar

et al. 2020

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The genus Cayratia Juss. in the traditional sense (i.e., Cayratia s.l.) of the grape family has been shown to be non-monophyletic. Previous studies supported the splitting of Cayratia s.l. into three genera, that is, Cayratia s.s., Causonis Raf., and a new genus representing the African Cayratia clade. However, the morphology of the African Cayratia clade has not been studied carefully and its phylogenetic position within Vitaceae remains unclear. Our study integrates molecular, distributional, and morphological data and supports the recognition of the new genus Afrocayratia from continental Africa and Madagascar. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support the monophyly of Afrocayratia and resolve it as a sister of Cayratia s.s. based on the chloroplast data, but it is placed sister to Cyphostemma based on the internal transcribed spacer dataset. Molecular dating suggests that Afrocayratia split with Cayratia s.s. during the Paleocene, but that the extant species of Afrocayratia did not diversify until the early Miocene. Afrocayratia differs from its allied genera in having short stigmas and seeds with subcircular ventral infold cavities in cross-section. Three clades are detected within Afrocayratia, with A. debilis (Baker) J.Wen & L.M.Lu as the first diverged lineage. The second diverged lineage includes A. delicatula (Willems) J.Wen & Z.D.Chen and A. gracilis (Guill. & Perr.) J.Wen & Z.D.Chen. The third diverged lineage includes A. imerinensis (Baker) J.Wen & L.M.Lu, A. longiflora (Desc.) J.Wen & Rabarijaona, and A. triternata (Baker) J.Wen & Rabarijaona from Madagascar, which form a monophyletic group that diverged from the second lineage in the middle Miocene. Combining the morphological and molecular evidence, we formally describe the new genus Afrocayratia, make seven new combinations, and provide a key to species of the genus.

“…In addition to vines, lianas, and a tree in Cyphostemma , there are herbaceous taxa that have lost tendrils, the main climbing mechanism in Vitaceae (Zhang et al, ; Gerrath et al, ), and a broad range of succulent taxa with diverse modifications to stem and root structure (Descoings, ). The centers of Cyphostemma diversity include eastern Africa and Madagascar, with a peppering of species in southern to western Africa, and two taxa in Asia (Dang et al, ). Despite this morphological and ecological diversity, no phylogenetic analyses focused on morphological evolution in Cyphostemma have been carried out.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal is associated with morphological innovation, but not increased diversification, inCyphostemma(Vitaceae)

Hearn

Evans

Wolf

et al. 2018

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Multiple processes − including dispersal, morphological innovation, and habitat change − are frequently cited as catalysts for increased diversification. We investigate these processes and the causal linkages among them in the genus Cyphostemma (Vitaceae), a clade comprising ∼200 species that is unique in the Vitaceae for its diversity of growth habits. We reconstruct time‐calibrated evolutionary relationships among 64 species in the genus using five nuclear and chloroplast markers and infer the group's morphological and biogeographic history. We test for changes in speciation rate and evaluate the temporal association and sequencing of events with respect to dispersal, habitat change, and morphological evolution using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In Cyphostemma, neither dispersal nor morphological evolution is associated with shifts in speciation rate, but dispersal is associated with evolutionary shifts in growth form. Evolution of stem succulence, in particular, is associated with adaptation to local, pre‐existing conditions following long‐distance dispersal, not habitat change in situ. We suggest that the pattern of association between dispersal, morphological innovation, and diversification may depend on the particular characters under study. Lineages with evolutionarily labile characters, such as stem succulence, do not necessarily conform to the notion of niche conservatism and instead demonstrate remarkable morphological adaptation to local climate and edaphic conditions following dispersal.