A new solid phase microextraction method using organic ligand in micropipette tip syringe system packed with modified carbon cloth for preconcentration of cadmium in drinking water and blood samples of kidney failure patients

et al. 2015

Environ Geochem Health

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The combined exposure to aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) causes more pronounced adverse health effects on humans. The kidneys are the main organs affected by internal exposure to Cd and Al via food and non-food items. The objective of present study was to measure the Al and Cd concentrations in cigarettes tobacco (branded and non-branded) and drinking water (domestic treated, ground and lake water) samples in southern part of Pakistan, to assess the risk due to ingestion of water and inhalation of cigarettes smoke containing high concentrations of both elements. The study population (kidney disorder and healthy) divided into two group based on consuming lake and ground water, while smoking non-branded cigarette as exposed, while drinking domestic treated water and smoking branded cigarette as non-exposed. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determined Cd and Al concentrations in tobacco, drinking water and blood samples. The resulted data indicated that the levels of Al and Cd in lake and underground water were higher than the permissible limit in drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization. The biochemical parameters of exposed and referent patients, especially urinary N-acetyl-h-glucosaminidase, were used as a biomarkers of kidney disorder. Exposed kidney disorder patients have higher levels of Cd and Al than the exposed referents subjects, while difference was significant when compared to resulted data of non-exposed patients and referents (p = 0.01-0.001). The pearson correlation showed positive correlation between both toxic element concentrations in water, cigarettes versus blood samples of exposed subjects (r = 0.20-0.67 and 0.71-0.82), while lower values were observed for non-exposed subjects (r = 0.123-0.423 and 0.331-0.425), respectively.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of cadmium and aluminum in blood samples of kidney disorder patients with drinking water and tobacco smoking: related health risk

Panhwar

et al. 2015

Environ Geochem Health

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“…In this regard, a range of preconcentration procedures have been developed for trace elements, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) Soylak and Topalak 2012), dual-cloud point extraction (Arain et al 2014a), ion exchange (Narin et al 2003), and solid-phase extraction (Panhwar et al 2015). The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been used for decades, but this technique is usually time-consuming and requires bulk amount of high purity solvents (Stephen 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan

Arain

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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The present study was aimed to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in the blood samples of adolescent boys, chewing different smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Pakistan. For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group (12-15 years), not consumed any SLT products were selected as referents. To determine trace levels of Cd and Pb in blood samples, a preconcentration method, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VLLME) has been developed, prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydrophobic chelates of Cd and Pb with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate were extracted into the fine droplets of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was used as a dispersing medium. The main factors affecting the recoveries of Cd and Pb, such as concentration of APDC, centrifugation time, volume of IL and TX-114, were investigated in detail. It was also observed that adolescent boys who consumed different SLT products have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Cd and Pb in their blood samples as compared to referent boys (p < 0.001).

“…It performs a crucial role in the formation and stability of metal chelates, thus affecting the percent recovery of the understudy metals. Metal chelation dependence on pH is related to both the metal chemistry in the solution and the ionization state of the complexing agent which affects the availability of binding sites [40]. For this purpose the % recovery of the understudy metals in certified standard solution (10 µg L −1 ) was checked in the pH range of 4-10, using acetate and phosphate buffer, while the desired pH adjustment was carried out with the addition of 0.1 mol L −1 HCl/NaOH.…”

Section: Effect Of Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of ultrasonically modified cloud point extraction method for simultaneous enrichment of cadmium and lead in sera of different types of gallstone patients

Khan

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

et al. 2017

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A novel and greener ultrasonically assisted/modified cloud point extraction procedure for the simultaneous preconcentration of lead and cadmium in serum samples of different types of gallstone patients was developed. The chelates of the under study metals, formerly formed with 8-hydroxyquinoline, were extracted in the micelles of a nonionic surfactant prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). After the arrival of the cloud point, the critical micellar mass produced was homogenously dispersed in the aqueous phase with the help of ultrasound energy. The reliability of the developed procedure was tested by relative standard deviation (% RSD), which was found to be <5%. The performance of the proposed procedure was checked by applying to certified reference material and spiking standard in real samples. All the experimental parameters were optimized. The developed procedure of Um-CPE was applied successfully for the analysis of the target heavy metals in serum samples of different types of gallstone patients and referents. The higher levels of the understudy metals were observed in the patients as compared to the referents but the levels of the both metal were found to be considerably higher in patients with pigmented gallstones.