A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model

Hurrell, James W.; Hack, James J.; Shea, Dennis G.; Caron, Julie M.; Rosiński, J.

doi:10.1175/2008jcli2292.1

Cited by 898 publications

(755 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A test using linear extrapolation of the CMIP3 data to 2010 produced essentially the same results. Figure 2b compares the ACCI with the observed annual tropical (30°north and south) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies relative to the mean for 1975-2010 from the merged Hadley Centre and NOAA's optimum interpolation (OI) SST data set (Hurrell et al 2008). They track each other closely with the ACCI explaining [50 % of the observed tropical SST variance (p \ 0.01).…”

Section: An Index Of Anthropogenic Climate Changementioning

confidence: 86%

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

2013

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An Anthropogenic Climate Change Index (ACCI) is developed and used to investigate the potential global warming contribution to current tropical cyclone activity. The ACCI is defined as the difference between the means of ensembles of climate simulations with and without anthropogenic gases and aerosols. This index indicates that the bulk of the current anthropogenic warming has occurred in the past four decades, which enables improved confidence in assessing hurricane changes as it removes many of the data issues from previous eras. We find no anthropogenic signal in annual global tropical cyclone or hurricane frequencies. But a strong signal is found in proportions of both weaker and stronger hurricanes: the proportion of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has increased at a rate of *25-30 % per°C of global warming after accounting for analysis and observing system changes. This has been balanced by a similar decrease in Category 1 and 2 hurricane proportions, leading to development of a distinctly bimodal intensity distribution, with the secondary maximum at Category 4 hurricanes. This global signal is reproduced in all ocean basins. The observed increase in Category 4-5 hurricanes may not continue at the same rate with future global warming. The analysis suggests that following an initial climate increase in intense hurricane proportions a saturation level will be reached beyond which any further global warming will have little effect.

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Section: An Index Of Anthropogenic Climate Changementioning

confidence: 86%

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

2013

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“…CAM3 uses a spectral dynamical core, 26 vertical levels, and was run at T85 horizontal resolution (approximately 1.88 latitude/longitude). A detailed description of CAM3 can be found in Collins et al (2006a) and Hurrell et al (2006). Other model-specific aspects relevant to this study are described in Hack et al (2006b) in relation to the model's simulation of the hydrological cycle, tropical Pacific variability (Zelle et al 2005;Deser et al 2006), and specifically the climate of the Australian region (Ummenhofer et al , 2009.…”

Section: B Agcm Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 120-yr control simulation was forced with a monthly global climatological SST dataset (Hurrell et al 2008), which combines data based on Reynolds SST Reynolds 2003, 2004) and HadISST anomalies (Rayner et al 2003) at 18 horizontal resolution. This simulation is denoted CTRL.…”

Section: B Agcm Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For further details on more general aspects of SH climate in CAM3, we refer the reader to Collins et al (2006a,b), Hack et al (2006b), and Hurrell et al (2006).…”

Section: Model Mean Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polar jet in the model is less well defined and pronounced than in NNR, with the region of reduced zonal flow around New Zealand almost nonexistent in the model. The overly strong extratropical SH zonal wind field in the model is related to systematic errors in the pressure field and transient momentum flux, an Antarctic circumpolar trough that is too deep throughout the year (Hurrell et al 2006), as well as excessive surface wind stress in the storm tracks (Collins et al 2006b). …”

Section: A Zonal Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Surface Forcing on Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking in the Australia–New Zealand Sector

et al. 2013

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Characteristics of atmospheric blocking in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) are explored in atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3, with a particular focus on the Australia-New Zealand sector. Preferred locations of blocking in SH observations and the associated seasonal cycle are well represented in the AGCM simulations, but the observed magnitude of blocking is underestimated throughout the year, particularly in late winter and spring. This is related to overly zonal flow due to an enhanced meridional pressure gradient in the model, which results in a decreased amplitude of the longwave trough/ridge pattern. A range of AGCM sensitivity experiments explores the effect on SH blocking of tropical heating, midlatitude sea surface temperatures, and land-sea temperature gradients created over the Australian continent during austral winter. The combined effects of tropical heating and extratropical temperature gradients are further explored in a configuration that is favorable for blocking in the Australia-New Zealand sector with warm SST anomalies to the north of Australia, cold to the southwest of Australia, warm to the southeast, and cool Australian land temperatures. The blockingfavorable configuration indicates a significant strengthening of the subtropical jet and a reduction in midlatitude flow, which results from changes in the thermal wind. While these overall changes in mean climate, predominantly forced by the tropical heating, enhance blocking activity, the magnitude of atmospheric blocking compared to observations is still underestimated. The blocking-unfavorable configuration with surface forcing anomalies of opposite sign results in a weakening subtropical jet, enhanced midlatitude flow, and significantly reduced blocking.

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A growing oceanic carbon uptake: Results from an inversion study of surface pCO₂ data

Majkut

Sarmiento

Rodgers

2014

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Concerted community efforts have been devoted to producing an authoritative climatology of air-sea CO 2 fluxes, but identifying decadal trends in CO 2 fluxes has proven to be more challenging. The available surface pCO 2 estimates are too sparse to separate long-term trends from decadal and seasonal variability using simple linear models. We introduce Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling as a novel technique for estimating the historical pCO 2 at the ocean surface. The result is a plausible history of surface pCO 2 based on available measurements and variability inferred from model simulations. Applying the method to a modern database of pCO 2 data, we find that two thirds of the ocean surface is trending toward increasing uptake of CO 2 , with a mean (year 2000) uptake of 2.3 ± 0.5 PgC yr −1 of anthropogenic carbon and an increase in the global annual uptake over the 30 year time period of 0.4 ± 0.1 PgC yr −1 decade −1 . The results are particularly interesting in the Southern Ocean, where we find increasing uptake of carbon over this time period, in contrast to previous studies. We find evidence for increased ventilation of deep ocean carbon, in response to increased winds, which is more than offset by an associated surface cooling.

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A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model

Cited by 898 publications

References 24 publications

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

Impact of Surface Forcing on Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking in the Australia–New Zealand Sector

A growing oceanic carbon uptake: Results from an inversion study of surface pCO₂ data

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A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model

Cited by 898 publications

References 24 publications

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change

Impact of Surface Forcing on Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking in the Australia–New Zealand Sector

A growing oceanic carbon uptake: Results from an inversion study of surface pCO2 data

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Product

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A growing oceanic carbon uptake: Results from an inversion study of surface pCO₂ data