A new scenario of lead contamination in potable water distribution systems: Galvanic corrosion between lead and stainless steel

Ng, Ding-Quan; Chen, Che-Yu; Lin, Yi-Pin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.114

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The presence of lead in drinking water at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L will trigger the formation of a strong neurotoxic metal that may cause poisoning if consumed. Acute lead poisoning in humans affects the central nervous system, digestive system, liver, kidneys and can directly or indirectly cause serious health problems such as anemia, hepatitis, nephritic syndrome and encephalopathy [2,3]. In addition, lead can affect the metabolic system of calcium and vitamin D [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators

et al. 2021

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This study reports the development of bio-based adsorbent by utilizing coffee endocarp (CE) waste as a raw material for lead (Pb) removal from liquid wastewater. The effect of NaOH and HCl as activation precursors on the characteristics and performance of the resulting adsorbents was investigated. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The characterization results confirm the positive role of the activation by either NaOH or HCl in enhancing the surface properties of the resulting adsorbents. The chemical activations removed most of impurities leading to smoother surface, pore size enlargement and enhanced surface area to pore volume ratio, which result in an enhanced adsorption capacity and Pb removal efficiency. The raw adsorbent shows 57.7% of Pb removal efficiency and sorption capacity of 174.4 mg/g. On the other hand, after the chemical treatment using HCl and NaOH, the Pb removal efficiencies increased up to 63.9% and 89.86%, with adsorption capacity of 193 and 271.58 mg/g, respectively. Though both activated sorbents demonstrate better adsorption performance compared to the non-activated CE, overall results reveal that the NaOH-activated sorbent offers better characteristic and performance than the HCl-activated sorbent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators

et al. 2021

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“…The microstructures of dendritic and plate-shaped deposits can be observed around soldered joints under SEM (Figure ). EDX elemental mapping shows that the composition of these deposits are lead carbonates of cerussite (PbCO 3 , dendritic) and hydrocerussite (Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 , plate-shaped), indicating that the leached lead(II) ions combine with carbonate ions in water to form insoluble particulates. As the range of pH of drinking water in Hong Kong is 7–9 and the average total alkalinity (as CaCO 3 ) is 23 mg/L, formation of both forms of lead carbonates is possible .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the Causes of Excess Lead in Drinking Water Supply Systems of Densely Populated High-Rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Chan

Chang

Choi

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Excess concentrations of lead (Pb) were found in tap water from drinking water supply systems of high-rise buildings in 11 public rental housing (PRH) estates in Hong Kong, posing threats to public health. The copper supply lines are fitted with lead-soldered connections and brass fixtures and faucets. The causes of excess lead are studied through field sampling on occupied households, experiments on prototype supply chains, and 3D numerical modeling. The tap water lead concentration of 129 households in the PRH estates was sampled using a specially designed protocol, revealing the highly variable lead concentration variations induced by sources along the supply chain. Lead concentration variation at consumer tap and its relation with various lead sources are studied in a full-scale test rig. A 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is successfully developed to interpret the time variation of lead concentrations at the consumer tap. Model predictions of the complex variation of dissolved lead are in good agreement with data and confirm lead solder in copper pipe connections as a major cause of the "lead water" episode in Hong Kong. The CFD calculations demonstrate the importance of turbulent diffusion and shear flow dispersion in the modeling of lead; the use of a "plug flow" approximation can result in significant overestimation of lead concentration. The findings provide a basis for lead risk assessment of different water sampling strategies in densely populated highrise buildings in Megacities.

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“…Replacing or connecting of aged lead pipes with stainless steel ones can affect the Pb release to drinking water due to galvanic corrosion. The concentration of Pb decreases with pH and the higher chloride to sulphate mass ratio [92][93][94]. The network water supply system made of brass devices or lead solders may constitute a major source of Pb in tap water, not only in old but also in new buildings [24,25,89,95].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value

et al. 2021

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(1) Background: The influence of tap water fittings construction and internal pipe-work on the release of heavy metals was investigated. (2) Methods: A statistical approach was applied for the examination of the chemistry of tap water in five different cities in southern Poland. In total, 500 samples were collected (from 100 to 101 samples in each city). The sampling protocol included information on the construction of the water supply network and the physicochemical parameters of measured tap water. (3) Results: The statistical analysis allowed to extract the crucial factors that affect the concentrations of trace elements in tap water. Age of connection, age of tap, age of pipe-work as well as material of connection, material of pipe-work and material of appliance reveal the most significant variability of concentrations observed for As, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Calculated cancer risks (CRs) decrease with the following order of analysed elements Ni > Cd > Cr > As = Pb and can be associated with the factors that affect the appearance of such elements in tap water. The hazard index (HI) was evaluated as negligible in 59.1% of the sampling points and low in 40.1% for adults. For children, a high risk was observed in 0.2%, medium in 9.0%, negligible in 0.4%, and low for the rest of the analysed samples.

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A new scenario of lead contamination in potable water distribution systems: Galvanic corrosion between lead and stainless steel

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators

Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators

Unraveling the Causes of Excess Lead in Drinking Water Supply Systems of Densely Populated High-Rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value

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