A new ring-shear device for testing rocks under high normal stress and dynamic conditions

Liao, Cheng Jie; Lee, Der Her; Wu, Jian Hong; Lai, Chia Ze

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.03.018

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Directly estimating coseismic landslide displacement, rather than relying on correlations with empirical seismic data sets [Keefer, 1984], has the potential to improve understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of earthquaketriggered landslides [Jibson, 2007]. However, the accuracy of direct estimation techniques remains limited due to the combined difficulty of capturing the complexity of coseismic dynamic stresses within hillslopes [Bray and Travasarou, 2007;Rathje and Antonakos, 2011;Rathje and Saygili, 2009;Saygili and Rathje, 2008;Wasowski et al, 2011] and undertaking realistic simulations thereof in the laboratory [Liao et al, 2011;Sassa et al, 2004].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of normal and shear stress wave phasing on coseismic landslide displacement

Brain

Rosser

Sutton

et al. 2015

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

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Predictive models used to assess the magnitude of coseismic landslide strain accumulation in response to earthquake ground shaking typically consider slope-parallel ground accelerations only and ignore both the influence of coseismic slope-normal ground accelerations and the phase relationship between dynamic slope-normal and slope-parallel accelerations. We present results of a laboratory study designed to assess the significance of the phase offset between slope-normal and slope-parallel cyclic stresses on the generation of coseismic landslide displacements. Using a dynamic back-pressured shearbox that is capable of simulating variably phased slope-normal and slope-parallel dynamic loads, we subjected sediment samples to a range of dynamic loading scenarios indicative of earthquake-induced ground shaking. We detail the variations in strain accumulation observed when slope-normal and slope-parallel stresses occur independently and simultaneously, both in and out of phase, using a range of dynamic stress amplitudes. Our results show that the instantaneous phasing of dynamic stresses is critical in determining the amount of coseismic landslide displacement, which may vary by up to an order of magnitude based solely on wave-phasing effects. Instantaneous strain rate is an exponential function of the distance normal to the Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in plots of shear stress against normal effective stress. This distance is strongly controlled by the phase offset between dynamic normal and shear stresses. Our results demonstrate that conditions considered by conventional coseismic slope stability models can either overestimate or underestimate earthquake-induced landslide displacement by up to an order of magnitude. This has important implications for accurate assessment of coseismic landslide hazard.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of normal and shear stress wave phasing on coseismic landslide displacement

Brain

Rosser

Sutton

et al. 2015

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

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“…Many authors have reported in recent years the results of high-velocity shearing (limited to around 1·3 m/s in most cases) in a variety of soil types (Di Toro et al, 2006;Mizoguchi et al, 2007;Ferri et al, 2010;Liao et al, 2011;Han & Hirose, 2012;Yang et al, 2014) tested, both saturated and unsaturated. The soils tested were typically a mixture of quartz, carbonate minerals and clay minerals.…”

Section: Strain-rate-dependent Friction and Precursory Sliding Motionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other large-scale catastrophic landslides associated with reservoir operations have been reported by Alcántara-Ayala & Domínguez-Morales (2008) (San Juan de Grijalva slide in Mexico, 2007); Wang et al (2004) and Dai et al (2004) (Qiangjianping slide in China, towards the reservoir of the Three Gorges Project, 2003); Chamot (1993), Plaza-Netos & Zevallos (1994), Schuster et al (2002) and Harden (2004) (La Josefina landslide, Ecuador, in 1993). An often reported case in recent years is the giant Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, that was triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Chen et al, 2003;Tang et al, 2009;Liao et al, 2011;Wu & Chen, 2011;Yang et al, 2014. ) In general, the interpretation of earthquake-induced motion requires velocity-and, in some cases, displacement-dependent shear strength weakening of the failure surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-poro-mechanical analysis of landslides: from creeping behaviour to catastrophic failure

2016

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The scope of the paper encompasses planar and compound sliding motions, which may exhibit creeping behaviour during a certain period but may evolve to a very rapid motion. Thermo-mechanical interactions, at the scale of the sliding surface, are accepted as a critical aspect to explain these motion phases and their relationship. The sliding kinetics and global equilibrium are described at a large scale and the evolving shearing strength at the sliding surface derives from the local analysis of the shearing band and its vicinity. Pore pressures, temperatures and related variables are calculated by resolving a set of balance equations. The paper describes the transition from creeping motions to a rapid event. Results are found in terms of dimensionless numbers. Calculation of the slide evolution requires special numerical techniques described in the paper. Band permeability is found to be the dominant property controlling the triggering of fast motions. The creeping stage and the eventual slide blow-up are intimately linked. This relationship is explored in the paper. The models presented can be readily used to back-analyse relevant case histories or, in principle, even to carry out predictive modelling, provided an adequate calibration is available for the material parameters.

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“…sliding). Rotary-shear high-velocity friction experiments in the last two decades demonstrated that such dramatic slip-weakening indeed occurs for frictional sliding of rocks with or without fault gouge (e.g., Shimamoto and Tsutsumi, 1994;Shimamoto, 1996, 1997;Hirose and Shimamoto, 2005;Di Toro et al, 2006, 2011Han et al, 2007;Mizoguchi et al, 2007), and for landslide materials too (Miyamoto et al, 2009;Yano et al, 2009;Ferri et al, 2010Ferri et al, , 2011Liao et al, 2011). Friction coefficient reduced to the order of 0.05 to 0.2 at seismic slip rates on the order of 1 m/s, allowing high speed landslide motion possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Initiation, movement, and run-out of the giant Tsaoling landslide — What can we learn from a simple rigid block model and a velocity–displacement dependent friction law?

Yang

Dong

et al. 2014

Engineering Geology

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Tsaoling landslide is the largest and best documented landslide among several large landslides induced by the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Pliocene sedimentary rocks of about 125 Mm 3 in volume slid along very flat bedding planes dipping by 14°with an average speed of 35-40 m/s for about 1650 m, before hitting the bank of the Chinshui River during the landslide. Detailed analysis of DTMs before and after the earthquake using a GIS software leads to an accurate determination of the locations of the centroids of landslide mass, revealing the horizontal and vertical displacements of the 2524 m and 524 m, respectively. Those displacements and landslide mass give an apparent friction coefficient of 0.21 and the release of the potential energy of 1.6 × 10 15 J. We conducted rotary-shear high-velocity friction experiments on fault gouge from bedding-parallel faults under semi-wet conditions and at 3 MPa normal stress corresponding to the overburden pressure of the landslide mass. We also compiled reported data on the frictional properties on shale powders and fault gouge from the landslide site under both dry and wet conditions, and proposed a velocity-displacement dependent friction law that can describe most experimental data. Newmark analysis of landslide motion with six scenarios for different landslide materials and conditions, assuming a simple rigid block sliding and using measured frictional parameters, revealed that the landslide did not occur with dry frictional properties, and that the landslide occurred at 38-39 s with accumulated displacements of 0.62 m-1.09 m and reached at the river bank at 82-87 s after the generation of Chi-Chi earthquake at its epicenter. Those timings are consistent with highfrequency signals at 32-40 s and at 76 s recorded at a nearby seismic station and with a survivor's witness that the landslide initiated 10 s after he felt strong ground motion, possible S wave arrival at 25.2 s. Slipweakening is essential in initiating the landslide and low friction coefficient (0.08-0.1) allowed high-speed of the landslide possible. The landslide was caused by a few peaks of northeast-oriented strong accelerations of the ground motion. Frictional work during the sliding of the landslide mass was estimated to be of about 23% of potential energy, and the rest of the released energy is likely to have been consumed during the stopping phase of the landslide after hitting the river bank in complex processes such as fragmentation, heat dissipation, and spreading of the landslide deposits.

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A new ring-shear device for testing rocks under high normal stress and dynamic conditions

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

The effects of normal and shear stress wave phasing on coseismic landslide displacement

The effects of normal and shear stress wave phasing on coseismic landslide displacement

Thermo-poro-mechanical analysis of landslides: from creeping behaviour to catastrophic failure

Initiation, movement, and run-out of the giant Tsaoling landslide — What can we learn from a simple rigid block model and a velocity–displacement dependent friction law?

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