A new ratiometric ESIPT sensor for detection of palladium species in aqueous solution

Abstract

An aqueous ratiometric ESIPT sensor with a 87 nM (15.4 ppb) detection limit was successfully synthesized and applied for detection of all oxidation states of palladium species.

A Turn‐On Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Palladium

“…According to the fluorescence intensity increment, sensitivities of probe 1 to palladium species were in the following order: Pd 2 (dba) 3 ＞ Pd(OAc) 2 ＞ PdCl 2 ＞ Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ＞ Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ＞PdCl 2 (dppf) 2 . [33] The results revealed that probe 1 remarkably responds to the different oxidation states of palladium. These results indicated that the depropargylation reaction can be catalyzed via Pd(II)-catalyzed hydration intermediates, but also via allenylpalladium resulting from the oxidative addition of Pd(0).…”

“…These results indicated that the depropargylation reaction can be catalyzed via Pd(II)-catalyzed hydration intermediates, but also via allenylpalladium resulting from the oxidative addition of Pd(0). [33,53,54] …”

“…Since recent efforts suggested that terminal propargyl ether moiety-functionalized probes are most selective for palladium recognization, [31][32][33] we expected that a long excitation and emission resorufamine [52] dye carrying a propargyl moiety may become a new palla-dium-selective probe. The masked long wavelength resorufamine dye may become a turn-on fluorescent probe for palladium with reduced background interference.…”

A quantum-chemical insight into the tunable fluorescence color and distinct photoisomerization mechanisms between a novel ESIPT fluorophore and its protonated form

“…Thus, a fourlevel photocycle reaction (E → E* → K* → K → E) is eventually achieved. It has been generally accepted that the ultrafast behaviors of ESIPT accompanied by a large Stokes shift provide enormous opportunities for the applications of such chromophores in a variety of fields, for example, when the fluorescence quantum yield of the K* emission is large, these properties may be used for making the laser dyes [17], fluorescence sensors [18,19], and so forth; while when the K* fluorescence quantum yield is small, it can be useful for designing the ESIPT photostabilizers [20,21].…”

A theoretical investigation of the two-photon absorption and fluorescent properties of coumarin-based derivatives for Pd2+ detection

“…As one of the platinum-group elements, palladium is hazardous to human health once it is taken up by the human body via contaminated water, medicine and food. 1 In the natural environment, palladium has three states: Pd 0 (metallic), Pd 2+ , and Pd 4+ . Its metallic form has little in vitro cytotoxicity, but Pd ions are capable of causing a series of cytotoxic effects, such as serious eye or primary skin irritation.…”