A new primary thermal noise standard at PTB for the frequency range 12.4-18.0 GHz

Buchholz, F.-I.; Kessel, W.

doi:10.1109/19.278561

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The uncertainty associated with the temperature gradient in the bead can be reduced by treating the bead as two lumped networks containing the edge bead modifications at constant temperatures, where the noise temperature is obtained by (3), and a transmission line between them with a known temperature distribution, where the noise temperature is obtained by (2). With this approach, the temperature distribution to take into account in the uncertainty computation lies around 1 mm or less and, therefore, its contribution to the overall uncertainty budget is much lower.…”

Section: Noise Standard Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…where K¿J and KJ¡ follow (2). The thermal noise contribution of the line parts with a temperature gradient is obtained by integrating the thermal noise generated at each áx.…”

Section: Computation Of the Noise Temperature Of The Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…National Metrology Institutes have developed different primary standards. Some examples are the French standards (LNE) based on a set of waveguides ranging from 8.2 GHz to 40 GHz [1] or the German standards (PTB), both in waveguide (X-band, 12.4 GHz to 18 GHz) [2] and in coaxial technology (0.1 GHz to 10 GHz) [3]. These and other noise standards (NIST, NPL) are compared in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

et al. 2012

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A broadband primary standard for thermal noise measurements is presented and its thermal and electromagnetic behaviour is analysed by means of a novel hybrid analytical-numerical simulation methodology. The standard consists of a broadband termination connected to a 3.5 mm coaxial airline partially immersed in liquid nitrogen and is designed in order to obtain a low reflectivity and a low uncertainty in the noise temperature. A detailed sensitivity analysis is made in order to highlight the critical characteristics that mostly affect the uncertainty in the noise temperature, and also to determine the manufacturing and operation tolerances for a proper performance in the range 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz. Aspects such as the thermal bead design, the level of liquid nitrogen or the uncertainties associated with the temperatures, the physical properties of the materials in the standard and the simulation techniques are discussed.

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Section: Noise Standard Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…where K¿J and KJ¡ follow (2). The thermal noise contribution of the line parts with a temperature gradient is obtained by integrating the thermal noise generated at each áx.…”

Section: Computation Of the Noise Temperature Of The Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

et al. 2012

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“…3a shows a side section of the bead where a is constant, b changes linearly from its value in the airline to its value in the bead center, and c is given by (2). In order to reduce the difficulty of manufacturing, a stepped version of the bead (Fig.…”

Section: New Thermal Noise Primary Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some examples are the French standards (LCIE) based on a set of waveguides ranging from 8.2 to 40GHz [1] or the German standards (PTB), both in waveguide (X-band, 12.4-18GHz) [2] and in coaxial technology (0.1-10GHz) [3]. These and other noise standards (NIST, NPL) are compared in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New broadband thermal noise primary standard in coaxial technology

Fornet-Ruiz

Guerrero

Monzó‐Cabrera

et al. 2011

2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium

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-A broadband primary standard for thermal noise measurements is presented and its thermal and electromagnetic behavior is analyzed by means of analytical and numerical simulation techniques. It consists of a broadband termination connected to a 3.5mm coaxial airline partially immersed in liquid Nitrogen. The main innovative part of the device is the thermal bead between inner and outer conductors, designed for obtaining a proper thermal contact and to keep low both its contribution to the total thermal noise and its reflectivity. A sensitivity analysis is realized in order to fix the manufacturing tolerances for a proper performance in the range 10MHz-26.5GHz.

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Noise‐Temperature Standards

2022

Precision Measurement of Microwave Thermal Noise

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A new primary thermal noise standard at PTB for the frequency range 12.4-18.0 GHz

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

New broadband thermal noise primary standard in coaxial technology

Noise‐Temperature Standards

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