“…(i) Inferiorly based (Schoenborn, 1872;Rosenthal, 1924) (ii) Superiorly based (Sanvenero and Rosselli, 1934) (iii) Superiorly based bilateral flaps (Rethi, 1932) and lateral pharyngoplasty (Moore, 1960) (iv) Double posterior flaps, one superiorly based and the other inferiorly based (Millard, 1962) (v) Palmaris longus transplantation (Inchul and Bomberg, 1974) Dynamic corrections (a) Pharyngoplasty by muscle transplantation (Hynes, 1950) (b) Dynamic muscle transplant operation (Ghosh et al, 1972) Statico-dynamic concentrations (a) Dynamic muscle sphincter operation (Ortichochea, 1970) (b) Statico-dynamic palatopharyngoplasty (Ghosh, 1973) (c) Transverse palatopharyngoplasty (Ghosh, 1976a) (d) Levator palati transplantation (Edgerton and Dellon, 1971;Ghosh, 1977a) (e) Combined Approach Palatopharyngoplasty (CAP) (Ghosh, 1978) by dextrous rerouting of the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscle complex. But in Ortichochea's dynamic muscle sphincter operation (1970) this action appears to be accentuated to the extent of producing a sort of restraint band, as mentioned by Weber et al (1970) in connection with Rosenthal's operation.…”