A new method of preparation of pyocyanin and demonstration of an unusual bacterial sensitivity

Knight, Martha; Hartman, Philip; Hartman, Zlata; Young, Viola Mae

doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90179-9

Cited by 59 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, the growth of isolates DLC21, -22, and -25 was suppressed by the presence of pyocyanin while the growth of DLC23 was not affected. Various levels of susceptibility to pyocyanin have been reported for individual microorganisms, and susceptibility to pyocyanin is thought to depend on the rate of pyocyanin uptake and the level of antioxidant enzyme (SOD and catalase) activity (5,24,25,27,33,40). For example, pyocyanin toxicity has been shown to decrease when E. coli cells are grown on nutrient-rich medium that supports higher catalase and SOD activity levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pyocyanin on a Crude-Oil-Degrading Microbial Community

Norman

Moeller

McDonald

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an n-alkane degrader that is frequently isolated from petroleum-contaminated sites and produces factors that enhance its competitiveness and survival in many environments. In this study, one such factor, pyocyanin, has been detected in an oil-degrading culture containing P. aeruginosa and is a redox-active compound capable of inhibiting microbial growth. To examine the effects of pyocyanin further, an oil-degrading culture was grown with and without 9.5 M pyocyanin and microbial community structure and oil degradation were monitored for 50 days. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of cultures revealed a decrease in the microbial community diversity in the pyocyanin-amended cultures compared to that of the unamended cultures. Two members of the microbial community in pure culture exhibited intermediate and high sensitivities to pyocyanin corresponding to intermediate and low levels of activity for the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, respectively. Another member of the community that remained constant in the DGGE gels over the 50-day culture incubation period exhibited no sensitivity to pyocyanin, corresponding to a high level of catalase and superoxide dismutase when examined in pure culture. Pyocyanin also affected the overall degradation of the crude oil. At 50 days, the culture without pyocyanin had decreased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compared to the pyocyanin-amended culture, with a specific reduction in the degradation of dibenzothiophenes, naphthalenes, and C 29 and C 30 hopanes. This study demonstrated that pyocyanin influenced the diversity of the microbial community and suggests the importance of understanding how interspecies interactions influence the degradation capability of a microbial community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pyocyanin on a Crude-Oil-Degrading Microbial Community

Norman

Moeller

McDonald

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Chemically pure pyocyanin was prepared by photolysis of phenazine methosulfate as described previously (20). The crude material was purified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (silica gel G; Merck, Sydney, Australia), and the structure and purity were confirmed by tandem mass spectroscopy (21).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyocyanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Confers Resistance to Ionic Silver

Müller

Merrett

2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Silver in its ionic form (Ag ؉ ), but not the bulk metal (Ag 0 ), is toxic to microbial life forms and has been used for many years in the treatment of wound infections. The prevalence of bacterial resistance to silver is considered low due to the nonspecific nature of its toxicity. However, the recent increased use of silver as an antimicrobial agent for medical, consumer, and industrial products has raised concern that widespread silver resistance may emerge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that produces pyocyanin, a redox toxin and a reductant for molecular oxygen and ferric (Fe 3؉ ) ions. The objective of this study was to determine whether pyocyanin reduces Ag ؉ to Ag 0 , which may contribute to silver resistance due to lower bioavailability of the cation. Using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, pyocyanin was confirmed to be a reductant for Ag ؉ , forming Ag 0 nanoparticles and reducing the bioavailability of free Ag ؉ by >95% within minutes. Similarly, a pyocyanin-producing strain of P. aeruginosa (PA14) reduced Ag ؉ but not a pyocyanin-deficient (⌬phzM) strain of the bacterium. Challenge of each strain with Ag ؉ (as AgNO 3 ) gave MICs of 20 and 5 g/ml for the PA14 and ⌬phzM strains, respectively. Removal of pyocyanin from the medium strain PA14 was grown in or its addition to the medium that ⌬phzM mutant was grown in gave MICs of 5 and 20 g/ml, respectively. Clinical isolates demonstrated similar pyocyanin-dependent resistance to Ag ؉ . We conclude that pseudomonal silver resistance exists independently of previously recognized intracellular mechanisms and may be more prevalent than previously considered.

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“…AQDS, phenazine, and bleomycin were purchased from SigmaAldrich. Pyocyanine was prepared from phenazine methosulfate by photochemical oxidation as previously described (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenazines and Other Redox-Active Antibiotics Promote Microbial Mineral Reduction

Hernández¹,

Kappler

Newman

2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

356

227

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Natural products with important therapeutic properties are known to be produced by a variety of soil bacteria, yet the ecological function of these compounds is not well understood. Here we show that phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics can promote microbial mineral reduction. Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391, a root isolate that produces phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), is able to reductively dissolve poorly crystalline iron and manganese oxides, whereas a strain carrying a mutation in one of the phenazine-biosynthetic genes (phzB) is not; the addition of purified PCN restores this ability to the mutant strain. The small amount of PCN produced relative to the large amount of ferric iron reduced in cultures of P. chlororaphis implies that PCN is recycled multiple times; moreover, poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxide can be reduced abiotically by reduced PCN. This ability suggests that PCN functions as an electron shuttle rather than an iron chelator, a finding that is consistent with the observation that dissolved ferric iron is undetectable in culture fluids. Multiple phenazines and the glycopeptidic antibiotic bleomycin can also stimulate mineral reduction by the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR1. Because diverse bacterial strains that cannot grow on iron can reduce phenazines, and because thermodynamic calculations suggest that phenazines have lower redox potentials than those of poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxides in a range of relevant environmental pH (5 to 9), we suggest that natural products like phenazines may promote microbial mineral reduction in the environment.

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A new method of preparation of pyocyanin and demonstration of an unusual bacterial sensitivity

Cited by 59 publications

References 10 publications

Effect of Pyocyanin on a Crude-Oil-Degrading Microbial Community

Effect of Pyocyanin on a Crude-Oil-Degrading Microbial Community

Pyocyanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Confers Resistance to Ionic Silver

Phenazines and Other Redox-Active Antibiotics Promote Microbial Mineral Reduction

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