A New Method for the Quantitative Investigation of Cutaneous Bacteria*

Williamson, Peter; Kligman, Albert M.

doi:10.1038/jid.1965.164

Cited by 495 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Unlike the original method, we employed a direct and more controlled inoculation procedure. Phosphate buffer and neutralizers were used in the recovery media (Williamson & Kligman, 1965). An improved method for sampling the soap bars was developed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria

Heinze¹,

Yackovich²

1988

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYRecent reports of the isolation of microorganisms from used soap bars have raised the concern that bacteria may be transferred from contaminated soap bars during handwashing. Since only one study addressing this question has been published, we developed an additional procedure to test this concern. In our new method prewashed and softened commercial deodorant soap bars (08 % triclocarban) not active against Gram-negative bacteria were inoculated with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to give mean total survival levels of 4-4 x 105 c.f.u. per bar which was 70-fold higher than those reported on used soap bars. Sixteen panelists were instructed to wash with the inoculated bars using their normal handwashing procedure. After washing, none of the 16 panelists had detectable levels of either test bacterium on their hands. Thus, the results obtained using our new method were in complete agreement with those obtained with the previously published method even though the two methods differ in a number of procedural aspects. These findings, along with other published reports, show that little hazard exists in routine handwashing with previously used soap bars and support the frequent use of soap and water for handwashing to prevent the spread of disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty ml of hand sampling solution (75 mm phosphate buffer + 5 % Tween-80 + 0-5 % lecithin + 0-1 % Triton X100, pH 7.9 (Williamson & Kligman, 1965) were pipetted into each glove. The panelists then opened and closed their hands into tight fists repeatedly for 60s to dislodge any transient bacteria from the hands.…”

Section: Hand Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria

Heinze¹,

Yackovich²

1988

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…These last were examined directly under the microscope and after staining. Scrub samples Four areas on each subject, the groin, the thigh, the calf and the popliteal fossa were sampled by the method of Williamson & Kligman (1965) as modified by Stringer & Marples (1976). A sterile stainless steel cylinder, 26-5 mm internal diameter, was held against the skin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity

Mackintosh¹,

Lidwell²,

Towers³

et al. 1978

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThere was a 1000-fold difference between the highest and the lowest mean rate of dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles during exercise among a group of three male and three female subjects. Differences in the numbers of skin fragments dispersed and in the proportion of these carrying bacteria were almost equally responsible for this. Since there is little difference between individuals in the rate of skin replacement the differences in the rates of dispersal of skin fragments during exercise must reflect large variations in the amount of skin surface removed in other ways. The skin fragments dispersed had a wide size range extending below 5 ,tm for the minimum projected diameter (MPD). The median MPD was about 20 ,um with 7-10% less than 10 ,um.

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“…We used a modification of the method described by Williamson and Kligman [24]. With this method, the dominant hand was cupped and 5 mL of 0.075 mmol/L phosphatebuffered saline pH 7.9 containing 0.1% Triton TM X-100 (Teknova Inc, Hollister, CA, USA) was used to wash the palm with a sterile cotton swab for 60 seconds until 1 mL of rubbing solution was collected in the sterile universal bottle and transferred to the laboratory for culturing within 30 minutes of sampling.…”

Section: Sample Collectingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Longer Surgical Procedures Result in Greater Contamination of Surgeons’ Hands?

Hosseini

Mundis

Eastlack

et al. 2016

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background A surgical site infection is a substantial cause of complications in patients. Different methods are being used to decrease surgical site infections; however, these infections still can cause complications, especially in patients undergoing longer operations ([ 3 hours). There is evidence that the efficacy of the scrubbing material fades after 3 hours. However, we do not know the longevity of hand cleanliness after application of scrubbing materials in a long operation. It can be postulated that if the surgeon's scrubbed hands are recolonized after a certain time, they may serve as a progressive source of contamination during surgery. Questions/purposes We asked: (1) Is there a correlation between surgical duration and hand contamination at the end of surgery? (2) At what point during surgery does hand contamination reach or exceed prescrub levels? Methods Three spine surgeons using the same scrubbing technique and materials consisting of chlorhexidine gluconate 1% solution and ethyl alcohol 61% w/w were enrolled in our study. Between December 2014 and April 2015, spine procedures of 3 hours or more, which were the One of the authors (PH) received funding from The San Diego Spine Foundation for this study. One of the authors certifies that he (BAA) or a member of his immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of USD 10,000 to 100,000 from Nuvasive (San Diego, CA, USA), K2M (Leesburg, VA, USA), and DePuy Synthes (West Chester, PA, USA), and Ellipse (Aliso Viejo, CA, USA); an amount of USD 100,000 to 1000,000 from Nuvasive (San Diego, CA, USA); an amount of less than USD 10,000 from Ellipse (Aliso Viejo, CA, USA), Kspine (Leesburg, VA, USA), International Spine Study Group (Brighton, CO, USA), Nuvasive (San Diego, CA, USA), and K2M (Leesburg, VA, USA); Growing Spine Foundation (Milwaukee, WI, USA), San Diego Spine Foundation (San Diego, CA, USA), Scoliosis Research Society (Milwaukee, WI, USA), and Society of Lateral Access Surgery (San Diego, CA, USA). One of the authors certifies that he (GMM) or a member of his immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of USD 100,000 to 1,000,000 from Nuvasive (San Diego, CA, USA); an amount of less than USD 10,000 from K2M (Leesburg, VA, USA), Medicrea (Lyon, France), Misonix (Farmingdale, NY, USA), International Spine Study Group Foundation (Brighton, CO, USA), Society of Lateral Access Surgery (San Diego, CA, USA), Scoliosis Research Society (Milwaukee, WI, USA), and San Diego Spine Foundation (San Diego, CA, USA). One of the authors certifies that he (RE) or a member of his immediate family, has or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of less than USD10,000 from Globus Medical (Audubon, PA, USA), Aesculap/B. Braun (Center Valley, PA, USA), DePuy (West Chester, PA, USA), Johnson & Johnson Company (New Brunswick, NJ, USA), Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, IN, USA), Synthes (West Chester, PA, USA), DiFusion (Georgetown, TX, USA), Inv...

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A New Method for the Quantitative Investigation of Cutaneous Bacteria*

Cited by 495 publications

References 6 publications

Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria

Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria

The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity

Do Longer Surgical Procedures Result in Greater Contamination of Surgeons’ Hands?

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