A new method for the quantification of chitin and chitosan in edible mushrooms

Nitschke, Jörg; Altenbach, Hans‐Josef; Malolepszy, Tim; Mölleken, Helga

doi:10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.040

Cited by 83 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…3c, which successfully separated SMS and Myc into different pixel clusters. These findings are considerably consistent with the results from previous scientific reports [11–13, 18]. Laminarin was found as the major component of fruit bodies and mycelia cell walls in P. ostreatus , and the main chemical compounds of fruit bodies and pure mycelia were carbohydrates (55–69 and 50% of total dry weight, respectively), protein (18.8–24.3 and 23.3%), ash (6.1–8.0 and 5.8%), and fatty acids (1.6–3.5 and 1.5%) [11, 12].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis to characterize spent mushroom substrate: a preliminary study

2017

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Commercial mushroom growth on substrate material produces a heterogeneous waste that can be used for bioenergy purposes. Hyperspectral imaging in the near-infrared (NHI) was used to experimentally study a number of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) packed samples under different conditions (wet vs. dry, open vs. plastic covering, and round or cuboid) and to explore the possibilities of direct characterization of the fresh substrate within a plastic bag. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to remove the background of images, explore the important studied factors, and identify SMS and mycelia (Myc) based on the pixel clusters within the score plot. Overview PCA modeling indicated high moisture content caused the most significant effects on spectra followed by the uneven distribution of Myc and the plastic cover. There were well-separated pixel clusters for SMS and Myc under different conditions: dry, wet, or wet and plastic covering. The loading peaks of the related component and the second derivative of the mean spectra of pixel clusters of SMS and Myc indicated that there are chemical differences between SMS and Myc. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were calculated and classification of SMS and Myc was successful, whether the materials were dry or wet. Peak shifts because of high moisture content and unexpected peaks from the plastic covering were found. Although the best results were obtained for dried cylinders, it was shown that almost equally good results could be obtained for the wet material and for the wet material covered by plastic. Furthermore, PLS-DA prediction showed that a side face hyperspectral image could represent the information for the entire SMS cylinder when Myc was removed. Thus, the combination of NHI and multivariate image analysis has great potential to develop calibration models to directly predict the contents of water, carbohydrates, lignin, and protein in wet and plastic-covered SMS cylinders.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis to characterize spent mushroom substrate: a preliminary study

2017

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“…Quantification of chitosan in spores. Quantification of chitosan in yeast cells was performed by a modified version of the method of Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk (27) and Nitschke et al (28). First, 0.3 g of freeze-dried cells prepared as described above was ground and suspended in 9 ml of 1 M NaOH.…”

Section: A T a A G A G A T C A A A G A T A T A T A G A G A G A A A C mentioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Usage of Yeast Spores as Chitosan Beads

Zhang

Tachikawa

Gao

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bIn this study, we present a nonhazardous biological method of producing chitosan beads using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells cultured under conditions of nutritional starvation cease vegetative growth and instead form spores. The spore wall has a multilaminar structure with the chitosan layer as the second outermost layer. Thus, removal of the outermost dityrosine layer by disruption of the DIT1 gene, which is required for dityrosine synthesis, leads to exposure of the chitosan layer at the spore surface. In this way, spores can be made to resemble chitosan beads. Chitosan has adsorptive features and can be used to remove heavy metals and negatively charged molecules from solution. Consistent with this practical application, we find that spores are capable of adsorbing heavy metals such as Cu 2؉ , Cr 3؉ , and Cd 2؉ , and removal of the dityrosine layer further improves the adsorption. Removal of the chitosan layer decreases the adsorption, indicating that chitosan works as an adsorbent in the spores. Besides heavy metals, spores can also adsorb a negatively charged cholesterol derivative, taurocholic acid. Furthermore, chitosan is amenable to chemical modifications, and, consistent with this property, dit1⌬ spores can serve as a carrier for immobilization of enzymes. Given that yeast spores are a natural product, our results demonstrate that they, and especially dit1⌬ mutants, can be used as chitosan beads and used for multiple purposes.

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“…Many works have focused on identifying alternatives for the traditional methods of chitosan obtainment to overcome the unstable supply due to climate instabilities, absence of quality control during production, but especially in the search of a standardized means of obtainment and processing [2], [6], [18], [22], [31], [32], [36]. Fungi of different groups are interesting options for this purpose, especially with the hope to achieve a standardized product, more appropriated for pharmaceutical and medical purposes [13], [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosans from Rhizopus stolonifer (strain CBMAI 1551): Characterization and Dense Film Formation

Cardoso

ConceiÃ§Ã£o

Giachini

et al. 2017

JBT

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I S S N 2348-6201 V o l u m e 6 N u m b e r 3 J o u r n a l o f A d v a n c e i n B i o t e c h n o l o g y | ABSTRACTChitosan is a bioactive amino polymer with wide applications. Mainly derived from chitin of marine sources, its traditional production still has some drawbacks such as irregular supply, low quality of product and lack of standardization. Farther, extraction processes are time-consuming with considerable environmental impacts, an extremely non-green process. Many works have shown the possibility of producingnative chitosan from Mucorales fungi, which is more easily extracted. Such process is advantageous due to low costs, process control and great possibility of high quality products. Moreover, the extraction of chitosan is faster and generates less pollutants. In this scenario, the possibility of standardized production allied with facilitated extraction and less probability of toxicological side effects from marine sources are characteristics that motivated this work. A Mucoralesisolate was cultured and the chitosans -native and semi-synthetic -obtained through heterogeneous extraction were compared. Results show substantial differences between them. Those differences are related to the processes required for extraction, yield, productivity, and quality. This work reinforces that Mucorales fungi excel as an alternative for chitosan production.

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A new method for the quantification of chitin and chitosan in edible mushrooms

Cited by 83 publications

References 15 publications

NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis to characterize spent mushroom substrate: a preliminary study

NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis to characterize spent mushroom substrate: a preliminary study

Applied Usage of Yeast Spores as Chitosan Beads

Chitosans from Rhizopus stolonifer (strain CBMAI 1551): Characterization and Dense Film Formation

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