A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Zeldetz, Vladimir; Natanel, Dmitry; Boyko, Matthew; Zlotnik, Alexander; Shiyntum, Honore N.; Grinshpun, Julia; Frank, Dmitry; Kuts, Ruslan; Brotfain, Evgeni; Peiser, Jochanan

doi:10.3791/57137

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Recent study was more focused on maintaining the viability of neuronal serotonin cells. Decreased neuronal serotonin cell viability will reduce serotonin levels so that it will cause symptoms of depression [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Extract in Chronic Stress-Induced Rats

Parisa¹,

Hidayat²,

Maritska³

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Depression is a psychiatric disorder that has become a serious health problem in the past decade. This disorder is characterized by prolonged dysphoric mood, and in more severe condition would result in decreased self-care and even life-threatening action. Serotonin is believed to play a role in the regulation of mood elation in depressive disorders. Decreased levels of serotonin in the hippocampus will cause an increased dopamine in mesolimbic dopamine neuronal cells. An effective and commonly used drug is the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, namely, fluoxetine. However, this agent has so many side effects, one of them is erectile dysfunction. In order to find the better treatment, exploration and discovery of therapeutic modalities need to pursued using natural materials. AIM: This study aimed to explore and evaluate antidepressant effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) extract (CE). METHODS: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were obtained from Eureka Research Laboratory (Palembang, Indonesia). Cinnamon simplisia was obtained from the Institute for Research and Testing of Traditional Medicine, Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. Rats were induced using chronic mild stress (CMS). CMS was a form of stress induction performed on experimental animals continuously, for 4 weeks. Forced swimming test (FST) was a test conducted to assess mobility in animal model. After induction for 4 weeks, rats were randomly divided into six groups which each contained five rats: Normal control group, CMS group (negative control), CMS + fluoxetin (Fluox 1: mg/kg), CMS + CE 25 mg/kg, the CMS + CE 50 mg/kg, and the CMS + CE 100 mg/kg. Treatment with fluoxetine or CE was given for 14 days intragastrically using gastric sonde. After treatment and FST, organ evacuation was performed and followed by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent examination. RESULTS: This study showed that CE with dose of 25 mg/kg BW to dose 100 mg/k BW could reduce the duration of immobility when compared to the CMS group. Clinically, CE possessed the potential to reduce the duration of immobility and potentially reduce symptoms of depression. Histologically, CE showed the potential to improve serotonin levels in the hippocampus with increasing doses. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression in the hippocampus as a marker of inflammation had increased in the CMS group. CE was able to reduce the expression of TNF-alpha compared to the CMS group. CONCLUSION: CE possessed antidepressant efficacy by inhibiting the inflammatory process in the hippocampus so it was able to optimally increase serotonin levels in the hippocampus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Extract in Chronic Stress-Induced Rats

Parisa¹,

Hidayat²,

Maritska³

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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“…The video of detailed procedures for mice can be seen in reference ( 157 ). The video of detailed procedures for rats is available from reference ( 158 ).…”

Section: Common Behavioral Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Assessment of Sensory, Motor, Emotion, and Cognition in Rodent Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

et al. 2021

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Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after ICH due to brain cell injury and network disruption resulted from the rupture of a tiny artery and activation of inflammatory cells, such as motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and emotional disturbance, etc. Thus, researchers have established many tests to evaluate behavioral changes in rodent ICH models, in order to achieve a better understanding and thus improvements in the prognosis for the clinical treatment of stroke. This review summarizes existing protocols that have been applied to assess neurologic function outcomes in the rodent ICH models such as pain, motor, cognition, and emotion tests. Pain tests include mechanical, hot, and cold pain tests; motor tests include the following 12 types: neurologic deficit scale test, staircase test, rotarod test, cylinder test, grid walk test, forelimb placing test, wire hanging test, modified neurologic severity score, beam walking test, horizontal ladder test, and adhesive removal test; learning and memory tests include Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test; emotion tests include elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, and forced swim test. This review discusses these assessments by examining their rationale, setup, duration, baseline, procedures as well as comparing their pros and cons, thus guiding researchers to select the most appropriate behavioral tests for preclinical ICH research.

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“…For the subsequent study, fluoxetine (F132) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and the rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10 for each group): control, CUS, CUS + REMSD, CUS + fluoxetine, and CUS + REMSD + fluoxetine groups. Rats in the control group were housed normally without any treatment, and rats in the remaining groups were subjected to depression model construction as described in a prior study (21). For depression induction, the rats were exposed to a random type of CUS for 28 days.…”

Section: Animal Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Combined With Fluoxetine Protects Against Depression-Induced Damage and Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampi via A1 Adenosine Receptor

Wang

Pan

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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Background: Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) and fluoxetine affect depression, yet the detailed molecular mechanisms were not clear.Methods: Rat depression chronic unpredictable stress was constructed, and the body weight of rats was measured. The efficacy of REMSD and fluoxetine on the pleasure experience, exploration, and cognition of rats with depression was determined by the Sucrose preference test, the open field test, and Morris water task, respectively. The effects of REMSD and fluoxetine on depression-induced damage and apoptosis in rat hippocampi were detected using hematoxylin–eosin staining and terminal transferase-mediated biotin 2′-deoxyuridine, 5′-triphosphate nick end labeling. A1 adenosine receptor content was measured by immunohistochemistry. Relative expressions of the A1 adenosine receptor, proteins related to apoptosis (B Bcl-2-associated X protein; B-cell lymphoma 2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cFos, and adenosine deaminase RNA specific two were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot as needed.Results: Depression decreased rat weight. REMSD combined with fluoxetine increased body weight, prompted rat behavior, alleviated depression-induced damage, attenuated apoptosis, and promoted A1 adenosine receptor level in rat hippocampi. Furthermore, the combined therapy upregulated expressions of A1 adenosine receptor, B-cell lymphoma 2, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase but downregulated those of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cFos, and adenosine deaminase RNA specific 2 in the hippocampi of rats with depression.Conclusion:REMSD combined with fluoxetine protected rats against depression-induced damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus via the A1 adenosine receptor, providing a possible treatment strategy for depression.

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A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Cited by 18 publications

References 43 publications

Antidepressant Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Extract in Chronic Stress-Induced Rats

Antidepressant Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Extract in Chronic Stress-Induced Rats

Behavioral Assessment of Sensory, Motor, Emotion, and Cognition in Rodent Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Combined With Fluoxetine Protects Against Depression-Induced Damage and Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampi via A1 Adenosine Receptor

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