“…The shunt resistance, R sh , represents a parallel high conductivity path across the p-n junction or the cell edges and decreases the efficiency of the cells by increasing the leakage current that lowers the maximum output power (P m ), the open voltage, V oc and the fill factor, FF. Several methods are available in the literature for extracting the series and shunt resistances of a solar cell [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] as well as related device parameters. Some of the methods involve measurement of illuminated I-V characteristics, some use dark conditions or utilize dark and illumination measurements.…”