“…These ship types correspond roughly to the ship classification as defined in MEPC 2011. A large number of existing studies in the broader literature have examined these ships emissions and their port emissions such as; (Buhaug et al, 2009;Endresen et al 2003;Eyring et al, 2009;Corbett et al, 2007;Cohen et al, 2005;Cofala et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2008;Deniz and Kılıç, 2009;EEA, 2013;Viana et al, 2014;Bayirhan et al, 2019;Mersin, 2020) and these studies have emphasized that ship-borne air emissions have harmful impacts on human health and environment and concrete measures should be taken to reduce its` effects. Although there are many studies in ship exhaust gas emissions, the research in the energy efficiency of ships remains limited.…”