A new marine biogenic emission: methane sulfonamide  (MSAM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfone  (DMSO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) measured in air over the Arabian Sea

Edtbauer, Achim; Stönner, Christof; Pfannerstill, Eva Y.; Berasategui, Matias; Walter, David; Crowley, John N.; Lelieveld, Jos; Williams, Jonathan

doi:10.5194/acp-20-6081-2020

Cited by 28 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Their production is linked to tropospheric ozone formation (Carlier et al, 1986), and their loss, through oxidation and photolysis, is an important source of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals (HO x ) in the dry upper troposphere (Colomb et al, 2006). Carbonyls serve as precursors of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs), which are important atmospheric NO x (NO and NO 2 ) reservoir species (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, 1997;Edwards et al, 2014;Williams et al, 2000). Carbonyl compounds are also important for the growth of atmospheric particles (Kroll et al, 2005), thereby indirectly impacting the Earth's radiative balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured around the Arabian Peninsula using a research vessel during the AQABA campaign (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) from June to August 2017. In this study we examine carbonyl compounds, measured by a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), and present both a regional concentration distribution and a budget assessment for these key atmospheric species. Among the aliphatic carbonyls, acetone had the highest mixing ratios in most of the regions traversed, varying from 0.43 ppb over the Arabian Sea to 4.5 ppb over the Arabian Gulf, followed by formaldehyde (measured by a Hantzsch monitor, 0.82 ppb over the Arabian Sea and 3.8 ppb over the Arabian Gulf) and acetaldehyde (0.13 ppb over the Arabian Sea and 1.7 ppb over the Arabian Gulf). Unsaturated carbonyls (C4–C9) varied from 10 to 700 ppt during the campaign and followed similar regional mixing ratio dependence to aliphatic carbonyls, which were identified as oxidation products of cycloalkanes over polluted areas. We compared the measurements of acetaldehyde, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone to global chemistry-transport model (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry – EMAC) results. A significant discrepancy was found for acetaldehyde, with the model underestimating the measured acetaldehyde mixing ratio by up to an order of magnitude. Implementing a photolytically driven marine source of acetaldehyde significantly improved the agreement between measurements and model, particularly over the remote regions (e.g. Arabian Sea). However, the newly introduced acetaldehyde source was still insufficient to describe the observations over the most polluted regions (Arabian Gulf and Suez), where model underestimation of primary emissions and biomass burning events are possible reasons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison

et al. 2020

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“…S3c. In contrast to other AQABA publications (Eger et al, 2019a;Pfannerstill et al, 2019;, the Gulf of Oman, and the Suez Channel were included in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea regions, respectively, as a clear shift in NO x to mixing ratios below ca. 1 ppbv occurred both upon leaving the Gulf of Oman into the Arabian Sea and upon exiting the Suez Channel to the north towards the Mediterranean Sea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Previous analyses from this campaign focussed on sources and sinks of non-methane hydrocarbons ; the role of OH reactivity in ozone chemistry (Pfannerstill et al, 2019); formation of ClNO 2 (Eger et al, 2019a), ethane, and propane emissions from the Red Sea (Bourtsoukidis et al, 2020); emission factors in ship plumes (Celik et al, 2020); marine emissions of methane sulfonamide (Edtbauer et al, 2020); rates of net O 3 production (Tadic et al, 2020); and the abundance of carbonyl compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive nitrogen around the Arabian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean Sea during the 2017 AQABA ship campaign

et al. 2021

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Abstract. We present shipborne measurements of NOx (≡ NO + NO2) and NOy (≡ NOx+ gas- and particle-phase organic and inorganic oxides of nitrogen) in summer 2017 as part of the expedition “Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin” (AQABA). The NOx and NOz (≡ NOy-NOx) measurements, made with a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS), were used to examine the chemical mechanisms involved in the processing of primary NOx emissions and their influence on the NOy budget in chemically distinct marine environments, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Gulf, which were influenced to varying extents by emissions from shipping and oil and gas production. Complementing the TD-CRDS measurements, NO and NO2 data sets from a chemiluminescence detector (CLD) were used in the analysis. In all regions, we find that NOx is strongly connected to ship emissions, both via direct emission of NO and via the formation of HONO and its subsequent photolytic conversion to NO. The role of HONO was assessed by calculating the NOx production rate from its photolysis. Mean NO2 lifetimes were 3.9 h in the Mediterranean Sea, 4.0 h in the Arabian Gulf, and 5.0 h in the Red Sea area. The cumulative loss of NO2 during the night (reaction with O3) was more important than daytime losses (reaction with OH) over the Arabian Gulf (by a factor 2.8) and over the Red Sea (factor 2.9), whereas over the Mediterranean Sea, where OH levels were high, daytime losses dominated (factor 2.5). Regional ozone production efficiencies (OPEs; calculated from the correlation between Ox and NOz, where Ox= O3+ NO2) ranged from 10.5 ± 0.9 to 19.1 ± 1.1. This metric quantifies the relative strength of photochemical O3 production from NOx compared to the competing sequestering into NOz species. The largest values were found over the Arabian Gulf, consistent with high levels of O3 found in that region (10–90 percentiles range: 23–108 ppbv). The fractional contribution of individual NOz species to NOy exhibited a large regional variability, with HNO3 generally the dominant component (on average 33 % of NOy) with significant contributions from organic nitrates (11 %) and particulate nitrates in the PM1 size range (8 %).

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“…H 2 O 2 mixing ratios were measured via dual-enzyme detection (modified AEROLASER AL2021, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany) with a total measurement uncertainty of 9 % and a detection limit of 15 ppt v (Hottmann et al, 2020). DMS was measured via proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS-8000, Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria) with a detection limit of 15 ppt v (Wang et al, 2020;Edtbauer et al, 2020). CH 3 I was measured with a custom-built fast gas chromatography -mass spectrometry system described by Bourtsoukidis et al (2017) with a detection limit of 0.5 ppt v .…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comment on acp-2021-79

2021

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Hurricane Florence was the sixth named storm in the Atlantic hurricane season 2018. It caused dozens of deaths and major economic damage. In this study, we present in situ observations of trace gases within tropical storm Florence on September 2, 2018 after it had developed a rotating nature, and of a tropical wave observed close to the African continent on August 29, 2018 as part of the research campaign CAFE Africa (Chemistry of the Atmosphere -Field Experiment in Africa) with the HALO (High Altitude Long Range) research aircraft. We show the impact of deep convection on atmospheric composition by measurements of the trace gases nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methyl iodide (CH 3 I), and by the help of color enhanced infrared satellite imagery taken by GOES-16. While both systems, the tropical wave and the tropical storm, are deeply convective, we only find evidence for lightning in the tropical wave using both in situ NO measurements and data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). 1 Introduction Tropical cyclones are low-pressure systems evolving over warm tropical waters usually close to the equator (± 20 • ) -an area which is referred to as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (Frank and Roundy, 2006; Deutscher Wetterdienst).The ITCZ is a global band of convection where south-and northeasterly trade winds converge. It is characterized by rapidly changing weather events. Air heated by the sun near the equator rises, creating low pressures near the surface, which initiates flows from adjacent areas (Waliser and Gautier, 1993;Wang and Magnusdottir, 2006;Deutscher Wetterdienst). In this region of high ocean temperature and intense solar radiation humid air can rise deeply into the troposphere up to 15 km (Collier and Hughes, 2011;Deutscher Wetterdienst). This is associated with the formation of deep, convective cumulonimbus clouds accompanied by heavy rainfall and thunderstorm activity (Zipser, 1994;Xu and Zipser, 2012). In the early stages, these systems are referred to as tropical waves or disturbances which together with low wind shear and high ocean temperature of 26.5 • C or higher can form tropical cyclones (

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A new marine biogenic emission: methane sulfonamide (MSAM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfone (DMSO<sub>2</sub>) measured in air over the Arabian Sea

Cited by 28 publications

References 83 publications

Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison

Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison

Reactive nitrogen around the Arabian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean Sea during the 2017 AQABA ship campaign

Comment on acp-2021-79

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