“…Hospitals measure OU performance along multiple dimensions, including LOS, rate of conversion to inpatient status, patient volume, patient satisfaction, and costs (Shah et al, 2015;Peacock et al, 2014). Best operational practices follow evidence-based protocols and staffing models for decreasing variability in care, providing higher quality at a lower cost, and decreasing the LOS (Baugh et al, 2019;Conley, Bohan, & Baugh, 2017;Leykum, Huerta, & Mortensen, 2010;Mace et al, 2003).…”