A New Instrument to Measure Cognitive Distortions in Video Lottery Terminal Users: The Informational Biases Scale (IBS)

Jefferson, Steven; Nicki, Richard M.

doi:10.1023/a:1026327926024

Cited by 56 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In a review of current prevention programs, Williams et al (2007) concluded that there are many prevention programs that provide marginal benefits, but there is no gold standard in gambling prevention. Despite mixed findings of young adults having an accurate understanding of the probabilities and odds (Delfabbro et al 2006; Jefferson and Nicki 2003; Joukhador et al 2004), evidence does not suggest that statistical knowledge, or the awareness of true randomness, can protect people from developing faulty gambling cognitions (Benhsain et al 2004). Despite the limited empirical support for awareness/information campaigns, they remain the most commonly implemented model (Williams et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults

et al. 2016

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Disordered gambling in young adults is hypothesized as being related to mistaken gambling-related cognitions. Few studies have examined the temporal order of this relationship using longitudinal data. The purpose of this study is to understand the directionality of the relationship between gambling cognitions and gambling severity in a longitudinal sample of young adults. Young adults (N = 578), initially aged 18–21 years, completed the Manitoba Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults at two time points approximately 2–3 years apart. Measures of beliefs about randomness related to gambling and gambling severity, as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index, were utilized. A cross-sectional relationship between gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions was observed with greater gambling severity being associated with increased endorsement of mistaken cognitions. Evidence for a bidirectional longitudinal relationship was observed with faulty gambling cognitions leading to later problematic gambling behaviors and vice versa when examining a total beliefs scale. When examining specific beliefs about randomness, initial gambling group membership predicted later endorsement of certain beliefs about randomness while initial belief ratings did not impact later gambling group membership. The results of this study suggest a bidirectional relationship between gambling severity and erroneous gambling-related cognitions. However, when examining specific beliefs about randomness, evidence was found for problem gambling behaviors leading to erroneous gambling beliefs. These findings suggest that prevention efforts targeting cognitions may not be as effective in impacting those not yet demonstrating disordered gambling behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults

et al. 2016

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“…The 25-item Informational Biases Scale (IBS; Jefferson and Nicki 2003 ) is an established measure that assesses erroneous cognitions in relation to the nature of chance events, randomness, and independence of game outcomes (e.g., “I would rather use a EGM that I am familiar with than one that I have never used before”). Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 representing ‘Don’t agree at all’ and 7 representing ‘Strongly agree’.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating Responsible Gambling: The Relative Effectiveness of Education-Based Animation and Monetary Limit Setting Pop-up Messages Among Electronic Gaming Machine Players

et al. 2012

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Although most gamblers set a monetary limit on their play, many exceed this limit—an antecedent of problematic gambling. Responsible gambling tools may assist players to gamble within their means. Historically, however, the impact of such tools has been assessed in isolation. In the current research, two responsible gambling tools that target adherence to a monetary limit were assessed among 72 electronic gaming machine (EGM) players. Participants watched an educational animation explaining how EGMs work (or a neutral video) and then played an EGM in a virtual reality environment. All participants were asked to set a monetary limit on their play, but only half were reminded when that limit was reached. Results showed that both the animation and pop-up limit reminder helped gamblers stay within their preset monetary limit; however, an interaction qualified these main effects. Among participants who did not experience the pop-up reminder, those who watched the animation stayed within their preset monetary limits more than those who did not watch the animation. For those who were reminded of their limit, however, there was no difference in limit adherence between those who watched the animation and those who did not watch the animation. From a responsible gambling perspective, the current study suggests that there is no additive effect of exposure to both responsible gambling tools. Therefore, for minimal disruption in play, a pop-up message reminding gamblers of their preset monetary limit might be preferred over the lengthier educational animation.

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“…Specifically, it is the belief that random sequences tend to self-correct even in the short-term, producing a 'head' after a series of 'tails' in a coin toss game, a 'red' after a series of 'blacks' in roulette, and a win after a series of losses on slot machines (Nickerson, 2002; Oskarsson, Van Boven, McClelland & Hastie, 2009). The fallacy is commonly expressed in behaviours such as the seeking out of slot machines that are 'due' for a win (e.g., Jefferson & Nicki, 2003). The most widely cited explanation for the fallacy is Kahneman and Tversky's (1972) proposal that, when making judgements about whether a stimulus (e.g., a sequence) is a member of some stimulus category (e.g., random sequences), people consistently apply the 'heuristic', or short-cut, of making the decision based on the extent to which the stimulus possesses the category's defining features (e.g., equiprobability of possible outcomes).…”

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confidence: 99%

Erroneous Gambling-Related Beliefs as Illusions of Primary and Secondary Control: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

2013

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categories. None of these classification systems have, however, considered the how the illusion of control and the gambler's fallacy might be interrelated. In this paper, we report the findings of a confirmatory factor analysis that examines the proposal that most erroneous gambling-related beliefs can be defined in terms of Rothbaum et al.'s (1982) distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' illusory control, with the former being driven to a large extent by the well-known gambler's fallacy and the latter being driven by a complex of beliefs about supernatural forces such as God and luck. A survey consisting of 100 items derived from existing instruments was administered to 329 participants. The analysis confirmed the existence of two latent structures (beliefs in primary and secondary control), while also offering support to the idea that gambler's fallacy-style reasoning may underlie both perceived primary control and beliefs about the cyclical nature of luck, a form of perceived secondary control. The results suggest the need for a greater focus on the role of underlying processes or belief structures as factors that foster susceptibility to specific beliefs in gambling situations. Addressing and recognising the importance of these underlying factors may also have implications for cognitive therapy treatments for problem gambling.

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A New Instrument to Measure Cognitive Distortions in Video Lottery Terminal Users: The Informational Biases Scale (IBS)

Cited by 56 publications

References 29 publications

The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults

The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults

Facilitating Responsible Gambling: The Relative Effectiveness of Education-Based Animation and Monetary Limit Setting Pop-up Messages Among Electronic Gaming Machine Players

Erroneous Gambling-Related Beliefs as Illusions of Primary and Secondary Control: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

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