A New Insight to Bone Turnover: Role of ω‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract

Background. Evidence has shown that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the ω-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are beneficial for bone health and turnover. Objectives. This review summarizes findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies and the effects of LC PUFA on bone metabolism, as well as the relationship with the oxidative stress, the inflammatory process, and obesity. Results. Some studies in humans indicate that LCPUFA can increase bone formation, affect peak bone mass in adolescents, and reduce bone loss. However, the cellular mechanisms of action of the LCPUFA are complex and involve modulation of fatty acid metabolites such as prostaglandins, resolvins and protectins, several signaling pathways, cytokines, and growth factors, although in certain aspects there is still some controversy. LCPUFA affect receptor activator of nuclear factor κ β (RANK), a receptor found on the osteoclast, causing bone resorption, which controls osteoclast formation. Conclusions. Since fatty acids are an endogenous source of reactive oxygen species, free radicals alter the process of bone turnover; however, although there are clinical evidences linking bone metabolism and dietary lipids, more clinical trials are necessary to prove whether ω-3 PUFA supplementation plays a major role in bone health.

Fatty oil from Securidaca inappendiculata exerted therapeutic effects on adjuvant‐induced arthritis in mice via suppression on fibroblast‐like synoviocyte

“…As most available drugs barely affect the level of AKP [13], it presented an obvious advantage of SIF over conventional agents. Consistent to our finding, Griel et al reported that omega‐3 fatty acids rich dietary oil efficiently down‐regulated AKP, interfered in bone metabolism and prevented bone resorption in vivo [14], which was due to regulations of some critical molecular signalings associated to cytokines production and calcium accretion [15]. However, we are not sure if similar mechanisms implicated in the effects of SIF on AA, because SIF was mainly composited by saturated and monounsaturated but not omega‐3 fatty acids.…”

Minyak ikan Lemuru (Sardinella longicep) menurunkan apoptosis osteoblas pada tulang alveolaris tikus wistar (Fish oil of Lemuru (Sardinella longicep) reduced the osteoblast apoptosis in wistar rat alveolar bone)

“…Perubahan ini berperan penting pada penurunan produksi IL-1, IL-6 dan TNF-alfa. 8 Konsumsi n-3 PUFA menurunkan TNF-alpha. Penurunan sitokin proinflamatori maupun eikosanoid oleh karena n-3 PUFA, menyebabkan konsumsi minyak ikan akan menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatkan pembentukan tulang, dan menurunkan destruksi tulang.…”

“…oleh enzim-enzim lipoksigenase, siklooksigenase dan epoksigenase yang berasal dari n-6 PUFA. 8 Konsumsi n-3 PUFA, selama 2 minggu mengakibatkan peningkatan α-linolenic acid (ALA) sebanyak 3-4 × lipat, EPA 3 × lipat dan DHA 1,5 × lipat dalam membran sel. Peningkatan membran sel dengan n-3 PUFA tersebut menyebabkan penurunan produksi PGE2, tetapi akan meningkatkan PGE3 yang berfungsi sebagai anti inflamasi.…”

Induction of Osteogenic MC3T3‐E1 Cell Differentiation by Nacre and Flesh Lipids of Tunisian Pinctada radiata

“…Kajarabille et al (2013) reported on largely bound fat intake and bone articular pathologies. Some studies on humans indicate that longchain poly unsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) can increase bone formation, affect peak bone mass in adolescents, and reduce bone loss (Kajarabille et al, 2013). The osteogenic potential of the nacre of mollusk shells is significantly documented (Atlan et al, 1997(Atlan et al, , 1999Lamghari et al, 1999;Lopez et al, 1992;Silve et al, 1992).…”