We study interfacial water trapped between a sheet of graphene and a muscovite (mica) surface using Raman spectroscopy and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) at room temperature. We are able to image the graphene-water interface with atomic resolution, revealing a layered network of water trapped underneath the graphene. We identify water layer numbers with a carbon nanotube height reference. Under normal scanning conditions, the water structures remain stable. However, at greater electron energies, we are able to locally manipulate the water using the STM tip.
KEYWORDSGraphene, water, mica, scanning probe microscopy, atomic resolution, STM, RamanThe interface between water and various surfaces 1,2 at room temperature has been of great interest to scientists due to its relevance in geology, 3 biology, 4 and most recently, electronics. 5,6 It has been demonstrated that water behaves very differently at an interface than it does in the bulk state, forming semi-ordered "hydration layers" close to the solid surface. [7][8][9][10] However, the exact nature of these hydration layers are still not well understood and remains the source of much controversy. 11 Recent studies utilizing AFM and other methods have made 2 progress towards putting some of these controversies to rest, 6,11-14 but atomic-resolution imaging of the interface had not yet been achieved.Graphene 6,[15][16][17][18][19][20] has already been extensively characterized by surface imaging techniques on a variety of substrates, [21][22][23][24][25][26] but only recently has it started to see use as a template for studying other molecules, 13,27,28 Graphene is ideal for coating and trapping volatile molecules for both scanning probe microscopy 13,27,29 and electron microscopy 28 studies in that it is conductive, chemically inert, impermeable, 30 and atomically conforms to most substrates. 31 In this letter, we build upon the work performed by Xu et al. 13 and use the atomic resolution and cleanliness of the ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM) to characterize water confined between monolayer graphene and the mica surface at room temperature. Unlike previous studies of graphene on mica, 6,13,14,27,29,31,32 we use graphene grown on copper via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 33,34 rather than graphene mechanically exfoliated from graphite. 19 While CVD graphene is inferior to exfoliated graphene in terms of carrier mobility, this drawback is offset by the ability to manufacture large, monolayer sheets and transfer them onto arbitrary substrates.
34Our CVD process uses a methane-to-hydrogen partial pressure ratio of 2:1, as lower ratios give higher monolayer coverage. 35,36 Previous work 33 and the supporting information give more details on our growth procedure. We transfer graphene to mica with polymethyl methylacrylate (PMMA) and use successive deionized (DI) water baths to clean the graphene films from etchant contamination. The final transfer occurs on a freshly cleaved mica surface within a DI bath in co...